Student's guide to writing college papers, Fourth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2010
Index
Abstracts in Anthropology, 51
acknowledgment and response. See readers
addresses, 249—50
agreement, building on, 36—37. See also disagreements
American Psychological Association style. See APA style
answers
claims as, in introductions, 79
notes for, 61
planning for, 40—41
working, proposing, 40—41
writing them out, 40
See also arguments; claims; questions
anthropology, resources, 267—68
APA style, xi, 49, 144, 147, 198—212
citation of sources, 199—202
reference lists, 198, 202—12
area charts, 113
arguments
as answers to questions, 18—21, 64—65, 68—73, 79
core of (claim + reason + evidence), 18—21, 43, 65—68, 72—73
elevator stories, encapsulating in, 43, 75, 81
mini-, 82
notes, recording for, 61
objections or alternatives to, 70
planning and assembling, 63—64, 73—74
and questions, 11, 17—22, 41, 65
relevance of, 61, 65, 72—73
for research, 21—22, 63—64
and surprises, 37—38
thinking about, 17—22
verbs for, 95
See also answers; questions; topics; warrants
art, resources, 265
Art Abstracts, 51
ARTFL Project (works by French authors), 54
articles, journal
bibliographical entries for, 159, 175—77, 190—92, 205—7
browsing and skimming, 52
citation of sources, 49, 149, 154—55, 159, 165—67
libraries, locating, 51
peer reviewed, 55
See also journals; periodical literature
audience. See readers
bar charts. See charts
bibliographies
alphabetizing, 173, 187, 202, 203
blogs, entries for, 178, 192—93, 208
formatting and styles, 173—82, 252
generally, 52, 147—48, 158—59
letters, entries for, 196, 211
poems, entries for, 181, 196, 211
publication facts, 175, 189, 203, 204
reference works, entries for, 177—78, 192, 207—8
samples, 181—82, 196—97, 211—12
short stories, entries for, 181, 196, 211
websites, entries for, 178, 192—93, 208
block, writer's. See writer's block
block quotations (quotes). See quotations and quoting
blogs
bibliographical entries for, 178, 192—93, 208
citation of sources, 168—69
See also websites
books
bibliographical entries for, 159, 179—81, 194—96, 209—11
browsing and skimming, 52
citation of sources, 49, 149, 150—53, 159, 170—72
libraries, locating in, 51
Booth, Wayne C., xiii
bubble charts, 113
business, resources, 268
capitalization, of titles, 163, 172, 174—75, 189, 204, 242—43, 244
charts
area charts, 113
bar charts, 105—6, 110—11, 112, 114
bubble charts, 113
data and rhetorical uses, 112—13
defined, 104, 254
examples, 105—6, 112—13
image charts, 112
pie charts, 112, 114
See also graphics
Chicago Manual of Style, xi
Chicago style, xi, 49, 144, 147, 158—82
bibliographies, 173—82
citation of sources, 160—73
citation of sources
APA style, 199—202
bibliographic data, 49, 148—57
for blogs, 168—69
Chicago style, 160—73
for evidence, 67
generally, xi, 143—44, 145—57
for ideas not your own, 102—3
MLA style, 184—87
numbered notes, 161
page numbers, 164—65
parenthetical references, 162, 184—86, 199—202
for poems, 172
primary, 47
principles, 99—100
publication facts, 164
for quotations, 100—101
recording fully and accurately, 49—50
for reference works, 168
secondary sources, 47, 172—73
shortened notes, 161—62
for short stories, 172
styles, generally, 49, 146—48
tertiary sources, 172—73
for websites, 168—69
what to include, 148
when and how to add, 145—46, 160—61, 184—87, 199—202
See also endnotes; footnotes; sources
claims
as answers to questions, 79
for arguments, 18—19, 20—21, 65—68
defined, 254, 255
evaluating, 66—67
and hypotheses, 66
and problem statements, 66
revising, 115—16
stating, 124—25
terminology for, 66
verbs for, 95
See also answers
clauses
defined, 254, 255
punctuation, 228—30, 232—33, 233—35
Colomb, Gregory G., xi, xiv
communications, resources, 268—69
conclusions
final, 119, 126—27
first drafts, 87—88
key concepts and terms, 80
oral reports, 87—88
revising, 115—16
significance in, 126—27
See also summaries and summarizing
Craft of Research, The, ix, xiii
curiosity, and topic selection, 30
data and facts
defined, 254
gathering, 111
database resources, 51, 259, 260—62. See also Internet databases
deadlines, 9. See also time
dictionaries
bibliographical entries for, 177—78, 192, 207
citation of sources, 168
for spelling basics, 215—16
disagreements
cause and effect, 35—36
creative, 34—36
and surprise, 29
and topic selection, 31, 34—36
value of, 29
See also agreement
drafts and drafting
coherence, 116—17
comfort levels, 83
hard copy, revisions, 70, 109
new directions, being open to, 84—85
positive suggestions, 84
productive habits, developing, 85—86
reading aloud, 136
revising, 115—18
surprises and changes, 84—85
teachers' comments and advice, 118
See also first drafts
economics, resources, 269
education, resources, 269—70
electronic sources. See Internet databases; online sources
elevator stories, for encapsulating arguments, 43, 75, 81
encyclopedias
bibliographical entries for, 177—78, 192, 208
citation of sources, 168
endnotes
formatting, 252
numbered notes, 161
See also citation of sources; footnotes
evidence
and acknowledgments and responses, 82
appropriate amount, 45—46
for arguments, 18—19, 20—21, 43, 65, 67—68
citation of sources, 67
defined, 255
explanations of, 82
factual, 67
for first drafts, 82
in graphics, 104—14
primary, 43, 45, 46
secondary, 45
tertiary, 45
facts. See data and facts
figures
defined, 104, 255
designing, 107—14
evidence, presenting in, 104—14
examples, 105—6, 108—9, 111
See also graphics
first drafts
conclusions, 87—88
evidence, sketching, 82
introductions, 77—79, 87—88
key terms and concepts, 179—81
leftover research, saving, 82
notes and note taking, 87, 88
planning, 75—76
quick tips, 42, 82
readers' needs, meeting, 76—82
See also drafts and drafting
flexibility, 22
footnotes
formatting and style, 186—87, 202, 252
numbered notes, 161
See also citation of sources; endnotes
formatting, generally, 251—52. See also style
geography, resources, 270
glossary, of grammatical terms, 253—57
grades and grading, 139—40
grammar, glossary of terms, 253—57. See also sentences; specific part(s) of speech
graphics
choosing, 104—7
defined, 255
evidence, presenting, 104—14
forms and uses, 112—13
intention, 105—7
introductions and labels, 107—9
resources, print, 259, 264
simplicity, 106—7, 109
software, cautions, 106—7
terminology, 104
See also charts; figures; graphs; tables
graphs
data and rhetorical uses, 113
defined, 104, 255
examples, 106, 113
line graphs, 105—6, 113, 114
See also graphics
habits, writing, 24—25, 85—86
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (MLA), 184
hard copy, for revisions, 70, 109
headers and headings, 240, 251
histograms, 112
Historical Abstracts, 51
history, resources, 265
humanities
citation style (Chicago), 49
resources, Internet, 259, 261
resources, print, 259, 264—67
hyphenated words, rules and style, 220—25
hypotheses, working
and claims, 66
deciding on, 40—41
defined, 255
stating, 42
ideas
citation of sources, 102—3
as reasons, 67
sharing with friends, 38
illustrations. See graphics
image charts, 112
independent clauses
defined, 255
punctuation, 228—30
instructors. See teachers
interlibrary loan, 51
Internet databases
general, 259, 260—61
humanities, 259, 261
natural sciences, 259, 262
social sciences, 259, 261—62
See also online sources; specific database(s)
introductions
to acknowledgments and responses, 71—72
claims, revising as answers to questions, 79
current situation, stating, 77—78
dramatic patterns, 121
final, 119—26
in first drafts, 77—79, 87—88
four-point scheme (parts) for, 77, 125
key concepts and terms, 80
for oral reports, 87—88
and problem statements, 78
for quotations and paraphrases, 94—96, 97—98
research questions, 78—79
revising, 115—16
to sections and subsections, 82
introductory overviews, tertiary sources, 48
italics, titles, 164, 243—45
journalism, resources, 268—69
journals, 52. See also articles, journal; periodical literature
JSTOR, citations, 167, 177, 191, 205, 206
judgments, verbs for, 96
leftover research, saving, 82
letters, bibliographical entries for, 196, 211
libraries and librarians, 50—51, 52
Library of Congress call numbers, 50
line graphs. See graphs
lists and series, punctuation, 235—38
literary studies
citation style (MLA), 49
resources, 265—66
literature, quoting, 97—98
literature reviews, 122
logic
explaining, 20—21
and warrants, 20—21
See also reasons
magazines. See articles, journal; journals; periodical literature
Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, A (Turabian), ix, xiii, 159
media studies, resources, 268—69
Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary, 216
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 215—16
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 216
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 184
MLA (Modern Language Association) style, xi, 49, 144, 147, 183—97
citation of sources, 184—87
works cited, 183, 187—97
music, resources, 266
names
in bibliographies, 173—74, 188, 203
citation of sources, 92—93, 163
proper, 245—47
style in text, 245—47
natural sciences
resources, Internet, 259, 262
resources, print, 260, 273
newspapers. See articles, journal; journals; periodical literature
notes. See citation of sources; endnotes; footnotes
notes and note taking
for answers, 61
for arguments, 61
for first drafts, 87, 88
importance of, 100
keywords for sorting, 60
for oral reports, 87
and outlines, 87, 88
for questions, 61
quotations in, 58
recategorizing and resorting, 61—62
sources, 58—60
templates for, 57—58
numbers, rules and style, 247—50
online sources
bibliographic data, recording, 50
reliability, evaluating, 54
retrieval statements for, 205
See also blogs; Internet databases; sources; websites
opinions, verbs for, 95—96
oral reports, preparing, 87—88, 127—28
outlines
first drafts, notes, 87, 88
oral reports, 88
storyboards, 76—77
overviews, introductory, tertiary sources, 48
panic, managing moments of, 62
paragraphs, drafts, revising, 118
paraphrasing
creating, 91—93
drafts, revising, 118
generally, 89—90
introducing, 94—96
vs. plagiarizing, 101—2
and quotations, mixing, 96—97
safe and careful, 101—2
sources, 60—61
verbs for, 95—96
See also quotations and quoting
parts of speech. See grammar; sentences; specific part(s) of speech
periodical literature, searching guides to, 51
periodicals. See articles, journal; journals
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 54
philosophy, resources, 267
pie charts, 112, 114
plagiarism, 99—103
plurals, rules and style, 216—18
poems
bibliographical entries for, 181, 196, 211
citation of sources, 172
political science, resources, 270—71
possessives
defined, 256
rules and style, 218—20
print resources
general, 259, 262—63
graphics, 259, 264
humanities, 259, 264—67
natural sciences, 260, 273
social sciences, 259—60, 267—72
problem statements
and claims, 66
introductions, 78
procrastination, avoiding, 85—86, 86—87
pronouns
personal, defined, 256
relative, defined, 256
in sentences, revising, 135—36
ProQuest database, 51
psychology, resources, 271
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 198—99
punctuation, guidelines, 226—41. See also specific mark(s) of punctuation
questions
and answers/arguments, 11, 17—22, 41, 65
answers to readers', 18—21
arguing for, 41, 65
asking your own, 32—33
borrowing, 33
conceptual, 15, 16—17
evaluating, 38—39
finding, 26—27
introductions, rephrasing in, 78—79
notes and note taking for, 61
positive and negative, 33
practical, 15
significance of, explaining, 77, 78—79
in sources, 34—38
speculative, 33
stating, 42
thinking about, 11—14, 17—22
and topics, 13—14, 27—28, 32—33, 34—38
and topics + significance (TQS), 13, 15
worthy, 12, 13, 38
See also answers; arguments; topics
quick tips
answers, writing out, 40
citations, ideas, 102—3
citations, names, 92—93
citations, recording, 50
disagreements, value of, 29
drafts, reading aloud, 136
drafts, revising, 115, 118
first drafts, 42, 82
graphics, 114
ideas, citing, 102—3
introductions, 125
journals, evaluating quality of, 52
literature reviews, 122
names, citing, 92—93
paragraphs, revising, 118
paraphrasing, 102
questions, evaluating, 39
questions, and topics, 27
secondary sources, 48
storyboards, 42
surprise, value of, 29
topics, choosing, 29
topics, and questions, 27
writers' block, getting unstuck, 86—87
quotation marks, 164, 243—45
quotations and quoting
adding to text, 93—94
block, 93, 100, 103, 185, 200, 251
citation of sources, 100—101
complex, interpreting, 97—98, 101
generally, 89—90
introducing, 94—96, 97—98
in notes, recording, 58
and paraphrasing, mixing, 96—97
punctuation, 238—40
in summaries, 96—97
verbs for, 95—96
See also paraphrasing
readers
acknowledging and responding to, 19—20, 22, 68—72, 82, 253
as allies, not opponents, 17—18
arguments as answers to questions, 18—21, 64—65, 68—73, 79
conversations with, 23—24, 68, 84
convincing, 22—23
research problems, importance to, 12
surrogate, 24
as targets, writing for, 64
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 51
reasons
for arguments, 18—19, 20—21, 43, 65, 67—68, 72—73
defined, 256
as ideas, 67
logical, 67
and sections, ordering, 81
stating, 42
and warrants, 72—73
See also logic
reference librarians, 50—51
reference lists, 198, 202—12. See also bibliographies
reference works. See resources
relativism, 142
relevance
of arguments, 61, 65, 72—73
of sources, 52—55
of summaries, 90—91
and warrants, 72—73
religion, resources, 271
research and research projects
general goals, 26
importance of, ix
key concepts and terms, 79—80
learning to do, 3—4
by professionals, 2—3
spirit of, 141—42
stages in starting and completing, 7
students' ability to do, ix, 3—4
thinking about, 11—14
who does, 1—2
in workplace, 3
research problem, importance to readers, 12
resources (for finding sources)
bibliographical entries for, 177—78, 192, 207—8
citation of sources, 168
general, 259, 262—63
graphics, 259, 264
humanities, 259, 261, 264—67
natural sciences, 259, 260, 262, 273
social sciences, 259—60, 261—62, 267—72
See also sources; specific resource(s)
revisions and revising. See drafts and drafting
Rhetoric Society of America, 54
scatter plots, 113
sciences. See natural sciences; political science; social sciences
secondary sources, 45, 46—48, 52, 172—73
sections and subsections
introductions in first drafts, 82
key concepts and terms, 80—81
mini sub-arguments in, 82
and reasons, ordering, 81
sentences
introductory, 97—98, 230—32
principles for clarity, 130
punctuation, 227—28
revising, 129—38
TQS, 13, 15
See also grammar; specific part(s) of speech
series and lists, punctuation, 235—38
short stories
bibliographical entries for, 181, 196, 211
citation of sources, 172
significance, 13, 14, 15
in conclusions, 126—27
of questions for introductions, 77, 78—79
social sciences
citation style for qualitative (Chicago), 49
citation style for quantitative (APA), 49
resources, Internet, 259, 261—62
resources, print, 259—60, 267—72
sociology, resources, 272
sources
engaging, 56
finding useful, 44
knowing what kinds you need, 44—48
library quality, 53—54, 54—55
in notes, 58—60
primary, 43, 45, 46
questions in, 34—38
reading generally and critically, 56
relevance and reliability, evaluating, 52—55
searching for systematically, 50—52
secondary, 45, 46—48, 52, 172—73
specialized reference works, skimming, 51
tertiary, 45, 48, 172—73
topics and questions, finding in, 34—38
See also citation of sources; online sources; resources; specific source(s)
spelling
basics, 215—16
titles, 242
storyboards
for answers, planning, 41—43
for arguments, assembling, 74
and conclusions, 80
defined, 41
and introductions, 80
key concepts and terms, 80
and outlines, 76—77
and sections, 82
style, generally, xi, 213. See also formatting
summaries and summarizing
fair and relevant, creating, 90—91
generally, 89—90
of information in sources, 60—61, 90—91
quotations and paraphrases in, 96—97
See also conclusions
superscript numbers, 147, 158, 161
surprises
and arguments, 37—38
and changes, being open to, 84—85
and disagreements, 29
being open to, 84—85
in first drafts, being open to, 84—85
looking for, 37—38
and topic selection, 29, 37—38
value of, 29
tables
defined, 104, 105, 256
designing, 107—14
evidence, presenting in, 104—14
examples, 105, 107—8, 109—10, 112—13
See also graphics
teachers, 18, 29—30, 64, 118, 139—40
tertiary sources, 45, 48, 172—73
themes, defined, 256
time, planning, 24—25. See also deadlines
title pages, formatting, 251
titles
in bibliographies, 174—75, 189, 204
capitalization, 163, 172, 174—75, 189, 204, 242—43, 244
citation of sources, 163—64
italics, 164, 243—45
punctuation, 240
of research paper, 127, 251
spelling, 242
in text, style, 242—45
topics
assigned, working with, 29—30
choosing, 28—32
and curiosity, 30
in disagreements, 31, 34—36
managing and focusing, 31—32
personal interests, based on, 30—31
and questions, 13—14, 27—28, 32—33, 34—38
and questions + significance (TQS), 13, 15
secondary sources to learn about, 46—48
sharing, 38
in sources, 34—38
and surprises, 29, 37—38
See also arguments; questions
TQS sentence, 13, 15
Turabian, Kate L., ix, xiii, 159
Turabian style. See Chicago style
University of Chicago Press style. See Chicago style
verbs
active, defined, 253
all-purpose, 95
for argued claims, 95
defined, 257
for judgments, 96
for opinions, 95—96
for quotations and paraphrases, 95—96
in sentences, revising, 132—33, 134—35
transitive, defined, 256—57
visual representations. See graphics
warrants, for arguments
defined, 257
and logic, 20—21
and reasons, 72—73
and relevance, 72—73
use of, 73
websites
bibliographical entries for, 178, 192—93, 208
citation of sources, 168—69
See also blogs
Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 215—16
Wikipedia, 31—32
Williams, Joseph M. ( Joe), xi, xiii
women's studies, resources, 272
working hypotheses. See hypotheses, working
working in groups
arguments, objections or alternatives to, 70
drafts, revising, 116
elevator stories, telling and retelling, 43
misunderstandings as context, 123
positive feedback, 84
surrogate readers, finding, 24
topics and ideas, sharing with friends, 38
writing groups, organizing, 75
works cited, 183, 187—97. See also bibliographies
works consulted, 183
writer's block, 86—87, 90
writing groups, organizing, 75
writing habits, 24—25
zip codes, 249