Student's guide to writing college papers, Fourth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2010

Reference list
APA style
Citing sources

Because you give readers only minimal bibliographical information in your text, you must give complete information for every source in the reference list at the end of your paper.

Start your list of sources on a new page. At the top of the first page center the heading “Reference List.” Skip a space and list all references double-spaced, each with a hanging indent. Use the same typeface as your main text. Put the list in alphabetical order by author and date. Strictly follow the order of the letters, and ignore apostrophes and hyphens. Do not change the order for names that include abbreviations or internal capitals (such as McArthur or St. Helena):

Macally, Mack, Madden, McArthur, Mecks, . . .

Saint-Beuve, Schwab, Selleck, Skillen, St. Helena, Stricker, . . .

If there is more than one entry for the same author in the same year, alphabetize them by title and add letters after the year: 2003a, 2003b, and so on.

See the sample reference list in APA style on pages 211—12.

20.2.1 Elements Common to All Bibliographical Entries

When you create a bibliographical entry, you have to pay attention to the kind of source you are citing, because many elements of citations are different for different kinds of sources. But all APA-style entries consist of four basic elements—author's name, date, title of the work, and publication facts.

20.2.1.1 Author's Name

Whenever possible, begin each bibliographical entry with the name of the author(s). Spell the last name of each author exactly as it appears on the title page: use initials for all first and middle names. Do not include titles such as Sir, Saint, Sister, Reverend, Doctor, and so on. The author's name is listed in inverted order: last name—comma—first initial—middle initial (if any).

Single Author

Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore's dilemma . . .

Rowling, J. K. (2007). Harry Potter and . . .

Young, G. (Ed.). (2007). The best . . .

Multiple Authors

List all authors in the order they appear on the title page. List all authors in inverted order, last name first, followed by a comma followed by initial(s). Put an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author.

Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics . . .

Yang, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., & Yang, J. (2009). The stock-bond . . .

More than Six Authors

If there are more than six authors, list the first six and then add “et al.”

Habermeier, K. F., Otker-Rove, I., Jacome, L. I., Giustinani, A., Ishi, K., Vavra, D., et al. (2009). Inflation pressures . . .

20.2.1.2 Date

All bibliographical entries include a date in parentheses, immediately after the author. Most publications are identified by year: (2003). Monthly magazines or newspapers are also identified by month: (2003, June). Daily or weekly publications also include the day: (2003, September 5). Do not abbreviate months.

If your reference list includes more than one publication in the same year for the same author, alphabetize them by titles (ignoring A or The) and add a letter to each date.

Turner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (2008a). The origin of language as a product of the evolution of modern cognition. In B. Laks et al. (Eds.), Origin and evolution of languages . . .

Turner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (2008b). Rethinking metaphor. In R. Gibbs (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of metaphor . . .

20.2.1.3 Title

Whenever possible, identify a source by its title. For articles and other short works, include both the article title and the title of the book, journal, or other work in which it occurs. If an online source does not have an obvious title, use the name of the site or any other reasonable replacement for a title.

Capitalize all titles of articles and books sentence style: capitalize only the first word of the title and the subtitle and any proper nouns. If a title includes a subtitle, put a colon between the main title and the subtitle. Capitalize the titles of websites, blogs, and all journals, magazines, and other periodicals headline style (most will appear this way in the original): capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all other words except articles (a, an, the), coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), prepositions (of, in, at, above, under, and so forth), and the words to and as.

ARTICLES AND OTHER SHORT WORKS. PUT THESE TITLES IN REGULAR TEXT. Do not enclose them in quotation marks. Italicize only those words that are italicized in the original. If the title includes quotation marks, copy them exactly as they appear in the original.

Hitchcock, T. (2005). Begging on the streets of eighteenth-century London. . . .

Gaskell, S. (2008, July 14). New Yorker mag's “satire” cover draws team Obama's ire . . .

BOOKS. Put these titles in italics. If the title includes a title, put it in quotation marks no matter how it appeared in the original. If any words in the original are italicized, leave them in italics.

Jefferson, T. (1954). Notes on the state of Virginia. . . .

Sitter, J. E. (1971). The poetry of Pope's “Dunciad.” . . .

Porter, C. M. (2009). Artist-naturalists in Florida. Florida Naturalists. . . .

WEBSITES, JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND OTHER PERIODICALS. Put these titles in italics.

. . . Journal of British Studies, 44, 478—498.. . .

New York Times, D1, D4.

20.2.1.4 Publication Facts

In addition to the author's name and title, a bibliographical entry usually includes facts that identify where and when a source was published. Publication facts vary from one kind of source to another, so check each model carefully.

Note: The publication facts for books includes the city of publication. Do not include a state or country for large cities that are publishing centers. Do include a state or country for all other cities.

20.2.1.5 Retrieval Information for Electronic Sources

With few exceptions, you must include a retrieval statement for online sources, indicating where on the web you found it. Here are the elements of a retrieval statement:

✵ Date: Include a retrieval date.

✵ Website: Include the name of the site if you retrieve a named page from an institutional website, such as a university, city, or library site.

. . . Retrieved April 1, 2009, from University of California, Santa Barbara, website: http://vos.ucsb.edu/

✵ Database: If you obtain the text from an online database, include the name of the database (with no URL), followed by a period (and no access date).

. . . Retrieved from JSTOR database.

✵ URL: If you obtain the text from any source other than a database, include a URL (universal resource locator). If the source is an online newspaper, journal, or reference work, include just the home page (http://www.salon.com, http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org ). Otherwise, include the complete URL exactly as it appears in the browser bar. If the URL is too long, break it before any internal punctuation or after a slash. Do not put a period after a URL.

. . . Retrieved January 22, 2009, from http://markturner.org/cinLEA.pdf

. . . Retrieved October 2, 2008, from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/postmodern_culture/v018/18.1.bass.html

When a URL directs readers to a home page with a search facility for finding the specific content you cite, replace “Retrieved from” with “Available from”:

Grossman, J. R., Keating, A. D., & Reiff, J. L. (Eds.). (2005). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Available from http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org

20.2.2 Bibliographical Entries for Periodical Articles

Most of the articles you will consult will be found in periodicals—journals, magazines, newspapers, and other works published at periodic intervals in print form, online, or both.

✵ Journals are scholarly or professional periodicals written for experts and available primarily in academic libraries. Journals often include the word journal in their titles ( Journal of Modern History), but not always (Postmodern Culture).

✵ Magazines are not scholarly publications; they are designed for more general readers in both their content and their availability outside of academic settings. If you are unsure whether a periodical is a journal or a magazine, see whether its articles include citations; if so, treat it as a journal.

✵ Newspapers are generally daily or weekly publications whose articles are closely tied to recent events.

The Basic Pattern

Print Journal

Green, N. L. (2005). The politics of exit: Reversing the immigration paradigm. Journal of Modern History, 77(2), 263—289.

Gold, A. G. (1998). Grains of truth: Shifting hierarchies of food and grace in three Rajasthani tales. History of Religions, 38(2), 150—171.

Print Journal, Obtained Online from the Publisher

If the publisher of an article provides copies that exactly match the print version (including page numbers), cite the information for the print version and add “[Electronic version]” after the article title but before the period.

Green, N. L. (2005). The politics of exit: Reversing the immigration paradigm [Electronic version]. Journal of Modern History, 77(2), 263—289.

Print Journal, Obtained from an Online Database

Include information on the print publication, followed by the retrieval information on the database; do not include the date retrieved.

Whitney, F. P. (1929). The six-year high school in Cleveland. School Review, 37(4), 267—271. Retrieved from JSTOR database.

Print Journal, Obtained Online

If you obtain a print article from an online source other than the publisher or a database, include information on the print publication, followed by the retrieval information, including the date retrieved and the exact URL.

Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. (1998). Conceptual integration networks. Cognitive Science, 22(2), 133—187. Retrieved January 22, 2009, from http://markturner.org/cinLEA.pdf

Online Journal

Bass, A. (2007). The mystery of sex and the mystery of time: An integration of some psychoanalytic and philosophical perspectives. Postmodern Culture, 18(10). Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/postmodern_culture/v018/18.1.bass.html

Print Magazine

Do not include volume or issue numbers, even if they are given. If the article is interrupted by other material, list all page numbers.

Schapiro, M. (2004, December 27). New power for “old Europe.” Nation, 279(22), 11—16.

Magazine, Consulted Online

Castro, J. (1992, April 13). Scientology's largesse in Russia. Time. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975290,00.html

Burton, R. (2009, January 13). Should Johnny play linebacker? Salon.com. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from http://www.salon.com/env/mind_reader/2009/01/13/sports_concussions/index.html

Newspaper

For print, include all page numbers, with letters identifying sections, if available.

Bishop, G. (2008, September 7). Favre wins in debut for Jets. New York Times, D1, D4.

Bishop, G. (2008, September 7). Favre wins in debut for Jets. New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com

20.2.3 Bibliographical Entries for Reference Works

Dictionary

Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. (2002). Spring-field, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. (n.d.). Available from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/

Aulestia, G. (1989). Basque-English dictionary. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Encyclopedia

Kabuki drama. (2000). The world book encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book.

Masolo, D. (2006). African sage philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Available from http://plato.stanford.edu

Grossman, J. R., Keating, A. D., & Reiff, J. L. (Eds.). (2005). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Available from http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org

20.2.4 Bibliographical Entries for Websites and Blogs

Website

Websites are unpredictable, so you may have to improvise, but as much as possible include the same kind of information you need for other online publications:

✵ author, if any

✵ date; if none use “n.d.”

✵ website title, if any

✵ retrieval statement (or “Available from” and a home page)

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. (n.d.). Evanston Public Library. Avail-able from http://www.epl.org

Web Page

Titles of web pages are in italics.

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. (n.d.). Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000—2010: A decade of outreach. Retrieved July 19, 2008, from the Evanston Public Library website: http://www.epl.org/library/strategic.html

Blog

Ellis, R., Lennon, J. R., & Skoog, E. (n.d.). Ward six [Web log]. Available from http://wardsix.blogspot.com

Blog Entry

Ellis, R. (2008, June 30). Squatters' rights. [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://wardsix.blogspot.com/2008/06/squatters.html

Comment on Blog Entry or Web Page

AC. (2008, July 1). Re: Squatters' rights. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://wardsix.blogspot.com/2008/06/squatters.html

Philogenes. (2009, March 16). Shocked, shocked, I tell you. Re: Composition, overcrowded. [Online forum comment]. Available from http://www.insidehighered.com/

20.2.5 Bibliographical Entries for Books

The Basic Pattern

20.2.5.1 Whole Books

Print Book

Minow, N. N., & LaMay, C. L. (2008). Inside the presidential debates: Their improbable past and promising future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

If the book is produced by an organization rather than a person, list the organization as the author:

World Health Organization. (2006). Health and economic development in Southeastern Europe. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Print Book, Consulted Online

Whitman, W. (1855). Leaves of grass. Available from http://www.whitmanarchive.org

Book in Electronic Reader Format

Austen, J. (2007). Pride and prejudice [Kindle edition]. New York: Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1813).

Austen, J. (2008). Pride and prejudice [PDF e-book]. New York: Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1813).

Edited or Translated Book

If a book has an editor or translator but no author, treat the editor or translator as the author. If the original has an earlier date, indicate that in parentheses after the entry.

Young, G. (Ed.). (2007). The best American short plays, 2002—2003. New York: Applause.

Silverstein, T. (Trans.). (1974). Sir Gawain and the green knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published in late 14th century).

If a book has an author as well as an editor and/or a translator, identify the editor and/or translator in parentheses after the title and before the period.

Bonnefoy, Y. (1995). New and selected poems ( J. Naughton & A. Rudolf, Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Feydeau, G. (1970). Four farces by Georges Feydeau (N. R. Shapiro, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Menchú, R. (1999). Crossing borders (A. Wright, Trans. & Ed.). New York: Verso.

Adorno, T. W., & Benjamin, W. (1999). The complete correspondence, 1928—1940 (H. Lonitz, Ed., & N. Walker, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Revised Edition

If you consult a book labeled as a “revised” edition or a “second” (or subsequent) edition, place this information in parentheses, after the title and before the period, using abbreviations as in the following examples.

Harper-Dorton, K. V., & Herbert, M. (2002). Working with children, adolescents, and their families (3rd ed.). Chicago: Lyceum Books.

Bolt, P. J., Coletta, D. V., & Shackelford, C. G., Jr. (2005). American defense policy (8th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Babb, F. (1989). Between field and cooking pot: The political economy of marketwomen in Peru (Rev. ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Multivolume Work

If you cite one book from a group of books (called a multivolume work), list only the specific volume you consulted. Identify the volume number “(Vol. X).”

Byrne, M. S. C. (Ed.). (1981). The Lisle letters (Vol. 4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

If the volume you cite has a different title from that of the whole group, use both titles, starting with the title of the group:

Pelikan, J. (1989). The Christian tradition: A history of the development of doctrine: Vol. 5. Christian doctrine and modern culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

If you refer to more than one book in the group of books, you can cite all of them in one entry:

Byrne, M. S. C. (Ed.). (1981). The Lisle letters (6 vols.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

James, H. (1962—64). The complete tales of Henry James (L. Edel, Ed., 12 vols.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.

20.2.5.2 Parts of Books

Chapter in an Edited Book

Cite the specific chapter, if you refer only to that one chapter. You may cite two specific chapters separately, if you specifically compare them in your text. Otherwise, cite the edited book as a whole.

Ellet, E. F. L. (1968). By rail and stage to Galena. In P. M. Angle (Ed.), Prairie state: Impressions of Illinois, 1673—1967, by travelers and other observers (pp. 271—279). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Introductions, Prefaces, Afterwords

If you refer to a supplemental part of a book that was written by someone other than the book author, cite it separately.

Prose, F. (2000). Introduction. In B. Wallraff, Word court: Wherein verbal virtue is rewarded, crimes against the language are punished, and poetic justice is done (pp. ix—xiv). New York: Harcourt.

Letter in a Collection

Adams, H. (1930). To Charles Milnes Gaskell. In Letters of Henry Adams, 1858—1891 (W. C. Ford, Ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (Original was written March 30, 1868).

Short Story or Poem in a Collection

Cite the specific work, not the whole book, if you refer only to that one work. You may cite two or more specific works separately, if you specifically compare them in your text. Otherwise, cite the collection as a whole.

Eisenberg, D. (1997). Someone to Talk To. In All around Atlantis (pp. 61—92). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Heaney, S. (2006). To George Seferis in the underworld. In District and circle (pp. 22—23). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Wigglesworth, M. (2003). Excerpt from The day of doom. In S. G. Axelrod, C. Ro-man, & T. Travisano (Eds.), The new anthology of American poetry: Traditions and revolutions, beginnings to 1900 (pp. 68—74). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Sample

Reference List

Babb, F. (1989). Between field and cooking pot: The political economy of market-women in Peru (Rev. ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.