Stylish Academic Writing - Helen Sword 2012

Notes
Afterword

1. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

1. William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 66.

2. E. B. White, Charlotte’s Web (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1952), 37—38.

3. Unless otherwise noted, all unattributed quotations come from my data set of one thousand academic articles, for which I provide a full list of journal names and volume numbers in the appendix.

4. John Swales, Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Anna Duszak, ed., Cultures and Styles of Academic Discourse (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1997); Tony Becher and Paul Trowler, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Culture of Disciplines, 2nd rev. ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 2003); Marjorie Garber, Academic Instincts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Jonathan Culler, “Bad Writing and Good Philosophy,” in Just Being Difficult? Academic Writing in the Public Arena, ed. Jonathan Culler and Kevin Lamb (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003).

5. Ken Hyland, Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 40.

6. William Zinsser, On Writing Well: An Informal Guide to Writing Nonfiction (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 5; Joseph M. Williams, Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace, 9th ed. (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), 221; Peter Elbow, Writing with Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); Richard A. Lanham, Revising Prose, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1992); Howard S. Becker, Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2007); Strunk and White, Elements of Style, xvi.

7. Patricia Nelson Limerick, “Dancing with Professors: The Trouble with Academic Prose,” New York Times Book Review, October 31, 1993.

8. Ibid.

9. Strunk and White, Elements of Style, 66.

2. ON BEING DISCIPLINED

1. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “discipline.”

2. See Carolin Kreber, The University and Its Disciplines: Teaching and Learning within and beyond Disciplinary Boundaries (New York and London: Routledge, 2009), especially the chapters by Gary Poole (“Academic Disciplines: Homes or Barricades?”), David Pace (“Opening History’s ’Black Boxes’: Decoding the Disciplinary Unconscious of Historians”), and Paul Trowler (“Beyond Epistemological Essentialism: Academic Tribes in the Twenty-First Century”).

3. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 20.

4. Andrew Abbott, Chaos of Disciplines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 11.

5. Lorenzo Amuso, “La Ferrari fa il pit stop in ospedale,” Il Giornale, August 30, 2006.

6. Lee Shulman, “Signature Pedagogies in the Professions,” Daedalus 134, no. 3 (Summer 2005): 52—59.

7. Russell Gray (psychology), John Hattie (education), Anne Salmond (anthropology), Brian Boyd (English).

8. Tony Becher and Paul Trowler, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Culture of Disciplines, 2nd rev. ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 2003), 14.

9. Anthony Biglan, “Characteristics of Subject Matter in Different Academic Fields,” Journal of Applied Psychology 57, no. 3 (1973): 195—203.

3. A GUIDE TO THE STYLE GUIDES

1. Paul Trowler, “Beyond Epistemological Essentialism: Academic Tribes in the Twenty-First Century,” in The University and Its Disciplines: Teaching and Learning within and beyond Disciplinary Boundaries, ed. Carolin Kreber (New York: Routledge, 2009), 189.

2. Richard Marggraf Turley, Writing Essays: A Guide for Students in English and the Humanities (New York: Routledge, 2000), 6.

3. Lynn P. Nygaard, Writing for Scholars: A Practical Guide to Making Sense and Being Heard (Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget, 2008), 36.

4. Howard S. Becker, Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

5. Brian David Mogck, Writing to Reason: A Companion for Philosophy Students and Instructors (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008), 20.

6. Harold Rabinowitz and Suzanne Vogel, The Manual of Scientific Style: A Guide for Authors, Editors, and Researchers (Amsterdam and Boston: Academic Press, 2009), 6.

7. Bruce A. Thyer, Preparing Research Articles (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 57.

8. Stephen J. Pyne, Voice and Vision: A Guide to Writing History and Other Serious Non-Fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 140.

9. Pat Francis, Inspiring Writing in Art and Design: Taking a Line for a Write (Bristol, UK: Intellect, 2009).

10. Nygaard, Writing for Scholars.

11. Robert Goldbort, Writing for Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).

12. Angela Thody, Writing and Presenting Research (London: Sage, 2006).

13. Becker, Writing for Social Scientists.

14. Stephen Brown, Writing Marketing: Literary Lessons from Academic Authorities (London: Sage, 2005), 182.

15. Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd, Not by Genes Alone (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 116—121.

4. VOICE AND ECHO

Mermin Source: Nathaniel David Mermin, “Copenhagen Computation: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Bohr,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 48 (2004): 54, 56—57; “The Amazing Many-Colored Relativity Engine,” American Journal of Physics 56 (1988): 600; “From Cbits to Qbits: Teaching Computer Scientists Quantum Mechanics,” American Journal of Physics 71 (2003): 23.

Heilbron Source: John L. Heilbron, “Bohr’s First Theories of the Atom,” Physics Today 38, no. 10 (1985): 28; The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 225.

Behar Source: Ruth Behar, “Dare We Say ’I’?” Chronicle of Higher Education 40, no. 43 (1994): B2; The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 177.

1. American Psychological Association, The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1974), 26. The first edition of the APA guide (1952) does not mention pronoun usage at all; subsequent revisions (1957 and 1967) encourage the impersonal passive voice.

2. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 43—44; American Medical Association, AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors, 10th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 315; Council of Science Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th ed. (Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors, 2006), 82.

3. Peter Elbow, Writing with Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 351.

5. SMART SENTENCING

Beer Source: Gillian Beer, Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth Century Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983), 3—4.

Salmond Source: Anne Salmond, “Their Body Is Different, Our Body Is Different: European and Tahitian Navigators in the 18th Century,” History and Anthropology 16, no. 2 (2005): 171, 169, 183.

Webster Source: James Webster, Haydn’s “Farewell” Symphony and the Idea of Classical Style: Through-Composition and Cyclic Integration in His Instrumental Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 334, 275, 1; “Music, Pathology, Sexuality, Beethoven, Schubert,” Nineteenth-Century Music 17, vol. 1 (1993): 89.

1. Richard A. Lanham, Revising Prose, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1992). Lanham phrases the question as “Who’s kicking who?”

2. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: Norton, 2006), xi.

3. Daniel C. Dennett, “Who’s on First? Heterophenomenology Explained,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 10, nos. 9—10 (2003): 1.

4. Brian Boyd, “Art and Evolution: Spiegelman’s The Narrative Corpse,” Philosophy and Literature 32, no. 1 (2008): 31.

5. Anne Salmond, “Their Body Is Different, Our Body Is Different: European and Tahitian Navigators in the 18th Century,” History and Anthropology 16, no. 2 (2005): 168.

6. Michèle Lamont, How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 64—65.

7. Charles McGrath, “J. D. Salinger, Author Who Fled Fame, Dies at 91 (Obituary),” New York Times, January 29, 2010.

8. See also Helen Sword, The Writer’s Diet (New Zealand: Pearson Education, 2007).

6. TEMPTING TITLES

Sacks Source: Oliver Sacks, “The Power of Music,” Brain 129, no. 10 (2006): 2529; Anatole Broyard, “Good Books Abut (sic) Being Sick,” New York Times, April 1, 1990. See also Sacks, Awakenings (New York: Doubleday, 1973); The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998); An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales (New York: Knopf, 1995); Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (New York: Knopf, 2007); The Island of the Colorblind (New York: Vintage, 1997); A Leg to Stand On (New York: Touchstone Books, 1984); and Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood (New York: Knopf, 2001).

Altemeyer Source: Bob Altemeyer, “What Happens When Authoritarians Inherit the Earth? A Simulation,” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 3, no. 1 (2003): 161—169; “Why Do Religious Fundamentalists Tend to Be Prejudiced?” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 13, no. 1 (2003): 17—28. See also Bob Altemeyer and Bruce Hunsberger, “A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 14, no. 1 (2004): 47—54.

Wadler Source: P. Wadler and R. B. Findler, “Well-Typed Programs Can’t Be Blamed,” paper presented at the European Symposium on Programming (ESOP), Budapest, Hungary, 2008; S. Marlow and S. P. Jones, “Making a Fast Curry: Push/Enter vs. Eval/Apply for Higher-Order Languages,” Journal of Functional Programming 16, nos. 4—5 (2006): 415—449; R. Lämmel and S. P. Jones, “Scrap Your Boilerplate: A Practical Design Pattern for Generic Programming,” ACM SIGPLAN Notices 38, no. 3 (2003): 26—37; Philip Wadler, “Et tu, XML? The Downfall of the Relational Empire,” paper presented at the 27th Annual Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), Rome, Italy, 2001; M. Odersky, E. Runne, and P. Wadler, “Two Ways to Bake Your Pizza: Translating Parameterised Types into Java,” paper presented at the International Seminar on Generic Programming, Germany, 2000; S. Lindley, P. Wadler, and J. Yallop, “Idioms Are Oblivious, Arrows Are Meticulous, Monads Are Promiscuous,” paper presented at the Mathematically Structured Functional Programming workshop, Iceland, 2008.

1. Margaret Henley, “ ’Throwing a Sheep’ at Marshall McLuhan,” Tertiary Education Research in New Zealand (TERNZ) Conference, Auckland, November 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://www.herdsa.org.nz/Ternz/2007/abstracts_all1.htm#henley.

2. Gérard Genette, Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation, trans. J. Lewin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

3. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976); The Blind Watchmaker (Harlow, UK: Longman Scientific and Technical, 1986); Climbing Mount Improbable (London: Viking, 1996).

4. Richard Dawkins, “Bees Are Easily Distracted,” Science 165, no. 3895 (1969): 751.

5. G. A. Pearson, ed., Why Children Die: A Pilot Study (London: CEMACH, 2006).

6. James Hartley, “To Attract or to Inform?” Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 35, no. 2 (2005): 207.

7. The bar for admission to the “engaging and informative” category was very low: I classified as “engaging” any title whose author appeared to have consciously made even the most modest attempt to amuse, entertain, or capture the attention of the intended audience—for example, by asking a question, using a metaphor, or making a provocative statement.

8. Marjorie Garber, Academic Instincts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 33.

7. HOOKS AND SINKERS

Ameratunga Source: Shanthi Ameratunga, Martha Hijar, and Robyn Norton, “Road-Traffic Injuries: Confronting Disparities to Address a Global Health Problem,” The Lancet 367, no. 9521 (2006): 1533.

Dawkins Source: Richard Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London: Viking, 1996), 1.

Greenblatt Source: Stephen Greenblatt, “Racial Memory and Literary History,” PMLA 116, no. 1 (2001): 48; “Writing as Performance: Revealing ’The Calculation That Underlies the Appearance of Effortlessness,’ ” Harvard Magazine, September/October 2007, 45.

1. Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream (London: Flamingo, 1993), 3.

2. John Swales, Genre Analysis: English in Academic Research Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

3. Jonathan Wolff, “Literary Boredom,” Guardian, September 24, 2007.

4. Stephen Greenblatt, “Writing as Performance: Revealing ’The Calculation That Underlies the Appearance of Effortlessness,’ ” Harvard Magazine, September/October 2007, 45.

8. THE STORY NET

Denning Source: Hinz v. Berry [1970] 2 QB 40 at 42; Beswick v. Beswick [1966] Ch. 538; Cummings v. Granger [1977] 1 All E.R. 104, 106; Miller v. Jackson [1977] QB 966.

Banes Source: Sally Banes, “Choreographing Community: Dancing in the Kitchen,” Dance Chronicle 25, no. 1 (2002): 143; “Olfactory Performances,” Drama Review 45, no. 1 (2001): 69—70.

Clough Source: Peter Clough, Narrative and Fictions in Educational Research (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2002): 17, 25; “ ’Again Fathers and Sons’: The Mutual Construction of Self, Story, and Special Educational Needs,” Disability and Society 11, no. 1 (1996): 72—73, 81; “Theft and Ethics in Life Portrayal: Lolly—The Final Story,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (QSE) 17, no. 3 (2004): 376.

1. Brian Boyd, On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

2. See, for example: Ruth Behar, The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon, 1996); Clifford Geertz, Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Roberto Franzosi, “Narrative Analysis—Or Why (and How) Sociologists Should Be Interested in Narrative,” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 517—554; Peter Clough, Narrative and Fictions in Educational Research (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2002); Robert J. Nash, Liberating Scholarly Writing: The Power of Personal Narrative (New York: Teachers College Press, 2004); Robert J. Pelias, A Methodology of the Heart (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004); Richard Delgado, “Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative,” Michigan Law Review 87, no. 8 (1989): 2411—2441; Barbara Czarniawska-Joerges, Narrating the Organization: Dramas of Institutional Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Rita Charon, “Narrative and Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 862—864.

3. Judith Pascoe, The Sarah Siddons Audio Files: Romanticism and the Lost Voice (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011).

4. E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel (London: Edward Arnold, 1974), 60.

5. Quoted in Robert S. Root-Bernstein, “The Sciences and Arts Share a Common Creative Aesthetic,” in The Elusive Synthesis: Aesthetics and Science, ed. Alfred I. Tauber (Dordrecht, Netherlands, and Boston: Kluwer, 1996), 67—68.

6. Bill Barton, The Language of Mathematics: Telling Mathematical Tales (New York: Springer, 2008), 1.

7. John L. Heilbron, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 289.

8. Tai Peseta, “Troubling Our Desires for Research and Writing within the Academic Development Project,” International Journal for Academic Development 12, no. 1 (2007): 16.

9. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (New York: C. L. Webster, 1885); Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (London: Penguin, 1994); Edgar Allan Poe, The Telltale Heart and Other Writings (New York: Bantam Books, 2004); William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (New York: Norton, 1993); Agatha Christie, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd: A Hercule Poirot Mystery (New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 1926).

9. SHOW AND TELL

Corballis Source: Michael C. Corballis, From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 3—5.

Boyd Source: Brian Boyd and Robert Michael Pyle, Nabokov’s Butterflies: Unpublished and Uncollected Writings (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 1—4, 17, 31.

Pinker Source: Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999), xi.

1. Archibald MacLeish, “Ars Poetica,” in Collected Poems, 1917—1982 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985), 106.

2. Glyn W. Humphreys and M. Jane Riddoch, “How to Define an Object: Evidence from the Effects of Action on Perception and Attention,” Mind and Language 22, no. 5 (2007): 543.

3. Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1999), 23.

4. Gillian Rose, “Family Photographs and Domestic Spacings: A Case Study,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 28, no. 1 (2003): 5—18; David Gegeo and Karen Ann Watson-Gegeo, “Whose Knowledge? Epistemological Collisions in Solomon Islands Community Development,” Contemporary Pacific 14, no. 2 (2002): 379; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Tanya Menon, “Valuing Internal vs. External Knowledge: Explaining the Preference for Outsiders,” Management Science 49, no. 2 (2003): 500.

5. Andrew C. Sparkes, “Embodiment, Academics, and the Audit Culture: A Story Seeking Consideration,” Qualitative Research 7, no. 4 (2007): 522.

6. Howard Becker attributes the “hypothetical women impregnated by flying insects” example to ethicist Kathryn Pyne Addelson; the phrase “spherical cow,” originally from a joke about theoretical physicists, is used by scientists to describe any highly simplified model of reality. Howard Becker, Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 84; John Harte, Consider a Spherical Cow: A Course in Environmental Problem Solving (Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 1988).

7. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1999); George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

8. Peter Brooks, Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), xv.

9. Robert J. Sternberg, Cupid’s Arrow: The Course of Love through Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 9.

10. Steven Mailloux, Disciplinary Identities: Rhetorical Paths of English, Speech, and Composition (New York: Modern Languages Association, 2006), 64.

11. H. B. Cott, Adaptive Coloration in Animals (London: Metheun, 1940), 158—159.

12. Leigh Van Valen, “A New Evolutionary Law,” Evolutionary Theory 1 (1973): 17—21; Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass (New York: Cosimo, 2010), 20.

13. F. H. C. Crick and L. E. Orgel, “Selfish DNA: The Ultimate Parasite,” Nature 284, no. 5757 (April 17, 1980): 604. The phrase “junk DNA” was coined by Susumu Ohno in 1972.

14. Ruth Behar, The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 19.

15. Marjorie Garber, “Why Can’t Young Scholars Write Their Second Books First?” Journal of Scholarly Publishing 36, no. 3 (2005): 130.

16. Allan Paivio, Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).

17. Douglas R. Hofstadter and David Moser, “To Err Is Human; To Study Error-Making Is Cognitive Science,” Michigan Quarterly Review 27, no. 2 (1989): 185.

10. JARGONITIS

Garber Source: Marjorie Garber, Academic Instincts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 113, 137—138, 144, 100—101, 99, 119.

Crang Source: Mike Crang, “The Hair in the Gate: Visuality and Geographical Knowledge,” Antipode 35, no. 2 (2003): 238—239.

Foucault Source: Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977), 214.

1. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “jargon”; Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., 2003, s.v. “jargon.”

2. Derek Attridge, “Arche-Jargon,” Qui Parle 5, no. 1 (1991): 44.

3. Roland Barthes, Criticism and Truth, trans. and ed. Katherine Pilcher Keuneman (London: Althone Press, 1987), 52; Critique et Vérité (Paris: Éditions de Seuil, 1966), 34.

4. Jacques Derrida, Glas, trans. John P. Leavey Jr. and Richard Rand (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), 220; Glas (Paris: Éditions Galilée, 1974), 246.

5. George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” in All Art is Propaganda: Critical Essays, ed. George Packer (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2008), 277.

6. Anne Knish [Arthur Davison Ficke] and Emanuel Morgan [Witter Bynner], Spectra: A Book of Poetic Experiments (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1926); Alan Sokal, “A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies,” Lingua Franca 4 (May 1996): 62—64; Sokal, “Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity,” Social Text 46/47 (Spring/Summer 1996): 217—252.

7. “The Postmodernism Generator,” http://www.elsewhere.org/pomo/; “The SCIgen Computer,” http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/scigen/; and “Chomskybot,” http://www.rubberducky.org/cgi-bin/chomsky.pl (all accessed December 14, 2010).

8. Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” 282.

9. Ray Land and Siân Bayne, “Screen or Monitor? Issues of Surveillance and Disciplinary Power in Online Learning Environments,” in Education in Cyberspace, ed. Ray Land and Siân Bayne (Abingdon, UK: RoutledgeFalmer, 2005), 167—169.

10. Peter Brooks, Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), 272.

11. Jacques Derrida, “Différance,” in Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 3—27.

11. STRUCTURAL DESIGNS

Shankweiler Source: Donald Shankweiler, “Words to Meanings,” Scientific Studies of Reading 3, no. 2 (1999): 113—127.

Connors and Lunsford Source: Robert J. Connors and Andrea Lunsford, “Frequency of Formal Errors in Current College Writing, or Ma and Pa Kettle Do Research,” College Composition and Communication 39, no. 4 (1988): 395.

Rosner Source: Victoria Rosner, Modernism and the Architecture of Private Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 1—2.

1. Annie Dillard, The Writing Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 4.

2. Bob Altemeyer, “Why Do Religious Fundamentalists Tend to Be Prejudiced?” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 13, no. 1 (2003): 17—28; David E. Guest and Neil Conway, “Communicating the Psychological Contract: An Employer Perspective,” Human Resource Management Journal 12, no. 2 (2002): 22—38.

3. Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse: The Original Holograph Draft, transcribed and ed. Susan Dick (London: Hogarth Press, 1982), 48.

4. Linda Brodkey, “Writing on the Bias,” College English 56, no. 5 (September 1994): 527—547.

5. Peter Elbow, Writing with Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).

6. Peter Elbow, “The Music of Form: Rethinking Organization in Writing,” College Composition and Communication 57, no. 4 (2006): 654—655.

7. Robert Pogue Harrison, Forests: The Shadow of Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

8. David Ulansey, The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), ix.

9. Douglas R. Hofstadter, Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern (New York: Basic Books, 1985), vi.

12. POINTS OF REFERENCE

Goodrich Source: Peter Goodrich, “Satirical Legal Studies: From the Legists to the Lizard,” Michigan Law Review 103, no. 3 (2004): 397, 402.

Grafton Source: Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 5—7, 9, 24.

1. Frances Kelly, “Writing in the Frame Lock,” paper presented at the Writing Research across Borders Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, February 2008.

2. Robert Madigan, Susan Johnson, and Patricia Linton, “The Language of Psychology: APA Style as Epistemology,” American Psychologist 4, no. 6 (1995): 428—434.

3. Robert J. Connors, “The Rhetoric of Citation Systems, Part II: Competing Epistemic Values in Citation,” Rhetoric Review 17, no. 2 (1999): 239; Charles Bernstein, “Frame Lock,” College Literature 21, no. 2 (1994): 119.

4. Connors, “Rhetoric of Citation Systems,” 242; Bernstein, “Frame Lock,” 119.

5. Quoted in Marjorie Garber, Academic Instincts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 39.

6. Laurel Richardson, “Writing Strategies: Reaching Diverse Audiences,” Qualitative Research Methods 21 (1990): 16; Connors “Rhetoric of Citation Systems,” 222.

7. Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire (New York: Random House, 1989).

8. Michael C. Corballis, From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 213.

9. Ted Cohen, “Identifying with Metaphor: Metaphors of Personal Identification,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 57, no. 4 (1999): 204.

10. “Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 123, no. 6 (1975): 1474—1481.

11. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 6, 229.

12. Madigan, Johnson, and Linton, “Language of Psychology,” 428—429.

13. Steve Wise, “Revolution in References: Give Readers a Chance by Putting Page Numbers,” Nature 408, no. 204 (November 23, 2000): 402; David Henige, “Discouraging Verification: Citation Practices across the Disciplines,” Journal of Scholarly Publishing 37, no. 2 (2006): 99—118; Stephen K. Donovan, “Comment: ’Discouraging Verification: Citation Practices across the Disciplines,’ ” Journal of Scholarly Publishing 37, no. 4 (2006): 313—316.

14. Henige, “Discouraging Verification,” 107, 103.

15. Ken Hyland, Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 37.

16. Ken Hyland, “Humble Servants of the Discipline? Self-Mention in Research Articles,” English for Specific Purposes 20, no. 3 (2001): 207—226.

13. THE BIG PICTURE

Coulthard Source: Malcolm Coulthard, “Author Identification, Idiolect, and Linguistic Uniqueness,” Applied Linguistics 25, no. 4 (2004): 431, 445.

Donovan Source: Stephen K. Donovan, “Research Journals: Toward Uniformity or Retaining Diversity?” Journal of Scholarly Publishing 37, no. 3 (April 2006): 230; Jamaican Rock Stars, 1823—1971: The Geologists Who Explored Jamaica (Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, 2010).

Culler Source: Jonathan Culler, “Bad Writing and Good Philosophy,” in Just Being Difficult? Academic Writing in the Public Arena, ed. Jonathan Culler and Kevin Lamb (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 43, 47, 49.

1. Sally Banes, “Olfactory Performances,” Drama Review 45, no. 1 (2001): 68, 74.

2. Thomas Carnahan and Sam McFarland, “Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: Could Participant Self-Selection Have Led to the Cruelty?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33, no. 5 (2007): 603.

3. Ken Hyland, Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 68—84.

4. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “persuasion.”

5. Ken Norris, Adrian Freeman, and Julian F. V. Vincent, “The Economics of Getting High: Decisions Made by Common Gulls Dropping Their Cockles to Open Them,” Behaviour 137, no. 6 (2000): 785.

6. David Green, “New Academics’ Perceptions of the Language of Teaching and Learning: Identifying and Overcoming Linguistic Barriers,” International Journal for Academic Development 14, no. 1 (2009): 43.

7. Peter Brooks, Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), xi.

8. E. Ann Kaplan, Trauma Culture: The Politics of Terror and Loss in Media and Literature (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 1.

9. Michael Corballis, From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), viii.

10. Charles Bernstein, “Frame Lock,” College Literature 20, no. 2 (1994): 120—121.

11. Richard Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London: Viking, 1996), viii.

14. THE CREATIVE TOUCH

Grey and Sinclair Source: Christopher Grey and Amanda Sinclair, “Writing Differently,” Organization 13, no. 3 (2006): 443—453.

Hofstadter Source: Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, 20th anniv. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1999), P-12, P-1, vi—vii, 27, xxi.

Dennett Source: Daniel Dennett, “The Part of Cognitive Science That Is Philosophy,” Topics in Cognitive Science 1 (2009): 231—232.

1. Willa Cather, “Katherine Mansfield,” in Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art (New York: Bison Books, 1988), 107—108.

2. David Welchman Gegeo, “Cultural Rapture and Indigeneity: The Challenge of (Re)visioning ’Place’ in the Pacific,” Contemporary Pacific 13, no. 2 (2001): 491—492. Italics in the original.

3. Bronwyn Davies, “The (Im)possibility of Intellectual Work in Neo-liberal Regimes,” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 26, no. 1 (2005): 2.

4. C. C. Diamond and Clay Shirky, “Health Information Technology: A Few Years of Magical Thinking?” Health Affairs 27, no. 5 (2008): 383.

5. Ladislav Kováč, “Science and September 11th: A Lesson in Relevance,” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 59, no. 5 (2003): 319—320.

6. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1975), 4.

7. Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, 20th anniv. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1999), xxi, 364.

8. Martin Gardner, The Ambidextrous Universe (London: Penguin, 1967), 13.

9. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “elegance.”

10. J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick, “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature 171, no. 4356 (April 25, 1953): 737.

11. Selina Tusitala Marsh, “Theory ’versus’ Pacific Island Writing: Toward a Tama’ita’i Criticism in the Works of Three Pacific Island Woman Poets,” in Inside Out: Literature, Cultural Politics, and Identity in the New Pacific, ed. Vilsoni Hereniko and Rob Wilson (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), 338; Cynthia B. Dillard, “Walking Ourselves Back Home: The Education of Teachers with/in the World,” Journal of Teacher Education 53, no. 5 (2002).

12. Julian F. V. Vincent, “If It’s Tanned It Must Be Dry: A Critique,” Journal of Adhesion 85, no. 11 (2009): 768.

13. John L. Heilbron, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 288.

14. M. A. Rosanoff, “Edison in His Laboratory,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, vol. 165, June/November 1932, 406.

15. For some suggestions on facilitating creative-critical interchanges in academic writing, see Peter Elbow, Writing with Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); Rob Pope, Textual Intervention: Critical and Creative Strategies for Literary Studies (London: Routledge, 1995); and Linda Brodkey, Writing Permitted in Designated Areas Only (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996). On creative-critical modes in advanced research writing, see Stephen Brown, Writing Marketing: Literary Lessons from Academic Authorities (London: Sage, 2005); Frank L. Cioffi, The Imaginative Argument: A Practical Manifesto for Writers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Angela Thody, Writing and Presenting Research (London: Sage Publications, 2006); and Stephen J. Pyne, Voice and Vision: A Guide to Writing History and Other Serious Non-fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

16. Richard Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London: Viking, 1996); Robert J. Sternberg, Cupid’s Arrow: The Course of Love through Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Marjorie Garber, Academic Instincts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Michael Corballis, From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); Ruth Behar, The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).

17. See, for example, Edward de Bono, Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step (New York: Harper Colophon, 1973); Richard Wiseman, Did You Spot the Gorilla? How to Recognise the Hidden Opportunities in Your Life (London: Arrow Books, 2004).

18. Dr. Seuss, “The Zax,” in The Sneetches and Other Stories (London: Collins, 1984), 26—35.

19. Philip Pullman, “From Exeter to Jordan,” Oxford Today: The University Magazine 14, no. 3 (Trinity 2002), 3.

20. Elbow, Writing with Power.

21. Tony Buzan, The Mind Map Book: How to Use Radiant Thinking to Maximize Your Brain’s Untapped Potential (New York: Plume, 1996).

22. Edward de Bono, Six Thinking Hats (New York: Little, Brown, 1985).

AFTERWORD: BECOMING A STYLISH WRITER

1. Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

2. Ernest Boyer, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities for the Professoriate (Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990), 23.