A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Basic patterns - Order of elements
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Part II. Source Citation

A citation style used widely in the humanities and in some social sciences is the notes-bibliography style, or bibliography style for short. This chapter presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in bibliography style, including bibliography entries, full notes, shortened notes, and parenthetical notes. Examples of notes are identified with an N; examples of bibliography entries are identified with a B.

In bibliography style, you signal that you have used a source by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you refer to that source:

According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between East and West.”⁴

You then cite the source of that quotation in a correspondingly numbered note that provides information about the source (author, title, and facts of publication) plus relevant page numbers. Notes are printed at the bottom of the page (called footnotes) or in a list collected at the end of your paper, called (endnotes). All notes have the same general form:

N: 4. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), 92—93.

If you cite the same text again, you can shorten subsequent notes:

N: 8. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 383.

In most cases, you also list sources at the end of the paper in a bibliography. That list normally includes every source you cited in a note and sometimes others you consulted but did not cite. Each bibliography entry includes the same information contained in a full note, but in a slightly different form:

B: Cronon, William. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.

Readers expect you to follow the rules for correct citations exactly. These rules cover not only what data you must include and their order, but also punctuation, capitalization, italicizing, and so on. To get your citations right, you must pay close attention to many minute details that few researchers can easily remember. The next chapter provides a ready reference guide to those details.

16.1 Basic patterns

Although sources and their citations come in almost endless variety, you are likely to use only a few kinds. While you may need to look up details to cite some unusual sources, you can easily learn the basic patterns for the few kinds you will use most often. You can then create templates that will help you record bibliographical data quickly and reliably as you read.

The rest of this section describes the basic patterns, and figure 16.1 provides templates for and examples of several common types of sources. Chapter 17 includes examples of a wide range of sources, including exceptions to the patterns discussed here.

Figure 16.1. Templates for notes and bibliography entries

The following templates show which elements should be included and their order when citing several common types of sources in notes (N) and bibliographies (B). They also show punctuation, capitalization of titles, and typography of the elements. Gray shading shows abbreviations (or their spelled-out versions) and other terms as they would actually appear in a citation. XX stands in for page numbers actually cited, YY for a full span of page numbers for an article or a chapter.

For further examples, explanations, and variations, see chapter 17. For templates of shortened note forms, see figure 16.2.

Books

1. Single Author or Editor

N: Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication), XX—XX.

1. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997), 47—48.

B: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication.

Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997.

For a book with an editor instead of an author, adapt the pattern as follows:

N: Note Number. Editor's First and Last Names, ed., Title of Book . . .

7. Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics . . .

B: Editor's Last Name, Editor's First Name, ed. Title of Book . . .

Noll, Mark A., ed. Religion and American Politics . . .

2. Multiple Authors

For a book with two authors, use the following pattern:

N: Note Number. Author #1's First and Last Names and Author #2's First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication), XX—XX.

2. Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 52.

B: Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, and Author #2's First and Last Names. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication.

Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

For a book with three authors, adapt the pattern as follows:

N: Note Number. Author #1's First and Last Names, Author #2's First and Last Names, and Author #3's First and Last Names, Title of Book . . .

5. Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History . . .

B: Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, Author #2's First and Last Names, and Author #3's First and Last Names. Title of Book . . .

Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob. Telling the Truth about History . . .

For a book with four or more authors, adapt the note pattern only as follows:

N: Note Number. Author #1's First and Last Names et al., Title of Book . . .

15. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall et al., Like a Family . . .

3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Translator

For a book with an author plus an editor, use the following pattern:

N: Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor's First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication), XX—XX.

9. J. B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography, ed. Paul Laxton (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 132—33.

B: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edited by Editor's First and Last Names. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication.

Harley, J. B. The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. Edited by Paul Laxton. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

If a book has a translator instead of an editor, substitute the words trans. and Translated by and the translator's name for the editor data.

4. Edition Number

N: Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, Edition Number ed. (Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication), XX—XX.

11. Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), 84.

B: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition Number ed. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication.

Daniels, Roger. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.

5. Single Chapter in an Edited Book

N: Note Number. Chapter Author's First and Last Names, “Title of Chapter: Subtitle of Chapter,” in Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor's First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication), XX—XX.

15. Anne Whiston Spirn, “Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted,” in Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1996), 101.

B: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chapter Author's First Name. “Title of Chapter: Subtitle of Chapter,” In Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, edited by Editor's First and Last Names, YY—YY. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication.

Spirn, Anne Whiston. “Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted.” In Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, edited by William Cronon, 91—113. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1996.

Journal Articles

6. Journal Article in Print

N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): XX—XX.

4. Pramod K. Nayar, “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and India, 1680—1727,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213.

B: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): YY—YY.

Nayar, Pramod K. “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and India, 1680—1727.” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213—38.

For an article with multiple authors, follow the relevant pattern for authors' names in template 2.

7. Journal Article Online

N: Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication), under “Descriptive Locator,” URL (accessed Date of Access).

4. Daniel A. McFarland, “Resistance as a Social Drama: A Study of Change-oriented Encounters,” American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (May 2004), under “Settings,” http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html (accessed May 3, 2006).

B: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication). URL (accessed Date of Access).

McFarland, Daniel A. “Resistance as a Social Drama: A Study of Change-oriented Encounters.” American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (May 2004). http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html (accessed May 3, 2006).

16.1.1 Order of elements

The order of elements in notes and bibliography entries follows the same general pattern for all types of sources: author, title, facts of publication. However, notes present authors' names in standard order (first name first), while bibliography entries present them in inverted order (last name first) for alphabetical listing. Notes citing specific passages usually include page numbers or other locating information; bibliography entries do not, though they do include a full span of page numbers for a source that is part of a larger whole, such as an article or a chapter.