A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Ibid
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Part II. Source Citation

At one time, writers shortened citations in notes by using Latin terms and abbreviations: idem, “the same”; op. cit., for opere citato, “in the work cited”; and loc. cit., for loco citato, “in the place cited.” This practice has fallen out of favor, so avoid all Latin citation terms except one—ibid., from ibidem or “in the same place.” Some writers still use ibid. to shorten a citation to a work whose bibliographical data appear in the immediately previous note.

N: 30. Buchan, Advice to Mothers, 71.

31. Ibid., 95.

32. Ibid.

Figure 16.2. Templates for shortened notes

The following templates show what elements should be included in what order in the three types of shortened notes (see 16.4.1 for when to use each type). They also show punctuation, capitalization of titles, and typography of the elements. Gray shading shows terms as they would actually appear in a citation. XX stands in for page numbers cited.

Author-only Notes

1. Single Author

N: Note Number. Author's Last Name, XX—XX.

2. Diamond, 85—90.

For a work cited by editor or translator instead of author (see 17.1.1), use the editor or translator in place of the author. Do not add ed. or trans., as in a full note.

N: Note Number. Editor's or Translator's Last Name, XX—XX.

9. Noll, 15.

If more than one author has the same last name, distinguish them by adding first names.

N: Note Number. Author's First Name and Last Names, XX—XX.

12. Philip Smith, 212—13.

2. Two or Three Authors

N: Note Number. Author #1's Last Name and Author #2's Last Name, XX—XX.

7. Bird and Sherwin, 88—89.

N: Note Number. Author #1's Last Name, Author #2's Last Name, and Author #3's Last Name, XX—XX.

15. Appleby, Hunt, and Jacob, 140.

3. Four or More Authors

N: Note Number. Author #1's Last Name et al., XX—XX.

10. Hall et al., 91—93.

Author-Title Notes

4. Books

N: Note Number. Author's Last Name, Shortened Title, XX—XX.

2. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 85—90.

For books by more than one author, follow the pattern for authors' names in templates 2 and 3.

5. Articles

N: Note Number. Author's Last Name, “Shortened Title,” XX—XX.

8. Nayar, “Marvelous Excesses,” 225.

For articles by more than one author, follow the pattern for authors' names in templates 2 and 3.

Title-only Notes

6. Books without an Author

N: Note Number. Shortened Title, XX—XX.

11. Account of Operations, 252.

7. Articles without an Author

N: Note Number. “Shortened Title,” XX—XX.

17. “Great Trigonometrical Survey,” 26—27.

In notes, ibid. should be capitalized but not italicized. Since ibid. is an abbreviation, it must end with a period; if the citation includes a page number, put a comma after ibid. If the page number of a reference is the same as in the previous note, do not include a page number after ibid. Do not use ibid. after a note that contains more than one citation, and avoid using ibid. to refer to footnotes that do not appear on the same page.