Books - Author's name - Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources - Part II. Source Citation

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Books - Author's name
Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources
Part II. Source Citation

Chapter 16 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the notes-bibliography style, including bibliography entries, full notes, shortened notes, and parenthetical notes. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.

This chapter provides detailed information on the form of notes and bibliography entries for a wide range of sources. It is organized by type of source. It begins with the most common—books and journal articles—and then addresses other published, unpublished, and recorded sources. The sections on books (17.1) and journal articles (17.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors' names, titles, and URLs in greater depth than sections on less common sources.

Online and other electronic sources that are analogous to print sources (online journal articles, for example) are included under the relevant type of source. Other online sources, considered “informally published” (see 15.4.1), are discussed in 17.7.

Most sections include guidelines and examples for both full notes (identified with an N) and bibliography entries (B). In some cases, the examples show the same work cited in both forms to illustrate the similarities and differences between them; in other cases, they show different works to illustrate variations in elements even within a specific type of source.

To cite a type of source that is not covered in this chapter, consult chapter 17 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations, as long as you use them consistently.

17.1 Books

Books reflect a wider range of elements than most other types of published sources. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.

17.1.1 Author's name

Give each author's name exactly as it appears on the title page. If the name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1).

In notes, list authors' names in standard order (first name first):

N: 1. Philip Ball, Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 140.

6. T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 48.

8. Elizabeth I, Collected Works, ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 102—4.

In bibliography entries, list authors' names in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in “Special Types of Names” below (p. 166).

B: Ball, Philip. Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.

Breen, T. H. The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Elizabeth I. Collected Works. Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS. In a note, for a book with more than one author, list all names in standard order. Use a comma before the and in a series of three or more. If there are four or more authors, list only the first author's name followed by et al. (with no intervening comma). Put a period after al. (an abbreviation for alii, “others”) but not after et (not an abbreviation; the Latin word for “and”).

N: 2. Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 52.

3. Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994), 135—36.

8. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall et al., Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 114—15.

In a bibliography entry, list the first author's name in inverted order, followed by a comma, and list the rest of the authors in standard order. Include all authors, no matter how many; do not use et al.

B: Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob. Telling the Truth about History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994.

Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, and Christopher B. Daly. Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author's name as described above. Add the editor or translator's name after the book's title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original.

In notes, insert the abbreviation ed. (never eds., since in this context it means “edited by” rather than “editor”) or trans. before the editor's or translator's name.

N: 6. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 35.

7. Rigoberta Menchú, Crossing Borders, trans. and ed. Ann Wright (New York: Verso, 1999), 50—51.

10. Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin, The Complete Correspondence, 1928—1940, ed. Henri Lonitz, trans. Nicholas Walker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 212.

In bibliography entries, insert the phrase Edited by or Translated by before the editor's or translator's name.

B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Menchú, Rigoberta. Crossing Borders. Translated and edited by Ann Wright. New York: Verso, 1999.

Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 1928—1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to edited by or translated by and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 17.1.8). For cases in which the author's name appears in the book's title and the editor's name appears on the title page instead, see “Additional Authorial Situations” below (p. 165).

EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book's title page instead of an author, use that person's name in the author's slot. Treat it as you would an author's name (see above), but add the abbreviation ed. (plural, eds.) or trans. (singular or plural) following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, follow the principles in “Multiple Authors” (see above, p. 163).

N: 3. Theodore Silverstein, trans., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 34.

4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. Raboteau, eds., African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture (New York: Routledge, 1997), 412—14.

B: Silverstein, Theodore, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Fulop, Timothy E., and Albert J. Raboteau, eds. African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture. New York: Routledge, 1997.

ADDITIONAL AUTHORIAL SITUATIONS. Following are some additional ways authors might be identified in your sources. If you encounter situations not covered here, adapt the pattern that seems most closely related.

Author's name in title. An author's name may appear in the title or subtitle of a book such as an autobiography. In a note, omit the author's name and begin with the title. In a bibliography entry, however, include the author's name, despite the repetition. Although many such works also have editors, do not list the works under the editor's name except in special cases (for example, in a study of works edited by that individual).

N: 12. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, ed. Charles Royster (New York: Library of America, 1990), 836.

15. Illumination and Night Glare: The Unfinished Autobiography of Carson McCullers, ed. Carlos L. Dews (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999), 54.

B: Sherman, W. T. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman. Edited by Charles Royster. New York: Library of America, 1990.

McCullers, Carson. Illumination and Night Glare: The Unfinished Autobiography of Carson McCullers. Edited by Carlos L. Dews. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.

Organization as author. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author's name on the title page, list the organization itself as author, even if it is also given as publisher.

N: 9. World Health Organization, Organization of Services for Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003), 50.

B: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

Pseudonym. Treat a widely used pseudonym as if it were the author's real name. If the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym.

N: 16. Mark Twain, The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 34.

B: Centinel [pseud.]. “Letters.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Anonymous author. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book's title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark to indicate uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name, and begin the note or bibliography entry with the title.

N: 22. [Ebenezer Cook?], Sotweed Redivivus, or The Planter's Looking-Glass (Annapolis, 1730), 5—6.

31. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (1610), 17.

B: [Cook, Ebenezer?]. Sotweed Redivivus, or The Planter's Looking-Glass. Annapolis, 1730.

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610.

SPECIAL TYPES OF NAMES. Some authors' names consist of more than a readily identifiable “first name” and “last name.” For names of well-known historical authors, consult Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary; for contemporary authors, consult your library's online catalog. Following are some general principles for alphabetizing such names. In shortened or parenthetical notes, use the last name exactly as inverted (shown below in boldface).

Compound names. Alphabetize compound last names, including hyphenated names, by the first part of the compound. If a woman uses both her own family name and her husband's but does not hyphenate them, generally alphabetize by the second name. While many foreign languages have predictable patterns for compound names (see below), others—such as French and German—do not.

Kessler-Harris, Alice

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

Hine, Darlene Clark

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

Names with particles. Depending on the language, particles such as de, di, D', and van may or may not be considered the first part of a last name for alphabetizing. Consult one of the resources noted above if you are unsure about a particular name. Note that particles may be either lowercased or capitalized, and some are followed by an apostrophe.

de Gaulle, Charles

Beauvoir, Simone de

di Leonardo, Micaela

Kooning, Willem de

Van Rensselaer, Stephen

Medici, Lorenzo de'

Names beginning with “Mac,” “Saint,” or “O'.” Names that begin with Mac, Saint, or O' can have many variations in abbreviations (Mc, St.), spelling (Sainte, San), capitalization (Macmillan, McAllister), and hyphenation or apostrophes (O'Neill or Odell; Saint-Gaudens or St. Denis). Alphabetize all such names based on the letters actually present; do not group them because they are similar.

Names in languages other than English. Naming conventions in many languages are different from those in English. If your paper involves many names from a particular language, study the conventions for the relevant language.

Many Spanish last names are compound names, consisting of an individual's paternal and maternal family names and usually joined by the conjunction y. Alphabetize such names under the first part.

Ortega y Gasset, José

Sánchez Mendoza, Juana

Alphabetize Arabic last names that begin with the particle al- or el(“the”) under the element following the particle. Names that begin with Abu, Abd, and Ibn are similar to English names beginning with Mac or Saint and should be alphabetized under these terms.

Hakim, Tawfiq al-

Abu Zafar Nadvi, Syed

Jamal, Muhammad Hamid al-

Ibn Saud, Aziz

If an author with a Chinese or Japanese name follows traditional usage (family name followed by given name), do not invert the name or insert a comma between the “first” and “last” names. If the author follows westernized usage (given name followed by family name), treat the name as you would an English name.

Traditional usage

Chao Wu-chi

Yoshida Shigeru

Westernized usage

Tsou, Tang

Kurosawa, Noriaki