A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Reference lists - Arrangement of entries
Parenthetical citations–reference list style: the basic form
Part II. Source Citation

In papers that use parenthetical citations—reference list style, the reference list presents full bibliographical information for all the sources cited in parenthetical citations (other than a few special types of sources; see 18.2.2). You may also include works that were important to your thinking but that you did not specifically mention in the text. In addition to providing bibliographical information, reference lists show readers the extent of your research and its relationship to prior work, and they help readers use your sources in their own research. If you use this citation style, you must include a reference list in your paper.

Label the list References. See figure A.16 in the appendix for a sample page of a reference list.

18.2.1 Arrangement of entries

ALPHABETICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL BY AUTHOR. A reference list is normally a single list of all sources arranged alphabetically by the last name of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry. (For alphabetizing foreign names, compound names, and other special cases, see 19.1.1.) Most word processors provide an alphabetical sorting function; if you use it, be sure each entry is followed by a hard return. If you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your department or university may specify that you should alphabetize the entries letter by letter or word by word; see 18.56—59 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003), for an explanation of these two systems.

If your reference list includes two or more works written, edited, or translated by the same individual, arrange the entries chronologically by publication date. For all entries after the first, replace the individual's name with a long dash called a 3-em dash (see 21.7.3). For edited or translated works, put a comma and the appropriate designation (ed., trans., and so on) after the dash. List all such works before any that the individual coauthored or coedited.

R: Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1989. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American literary criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.

———, ed. 2002. The classic slave narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.

———. 2004. America behind the color line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner Books.

Gates, Henry Louis Jr., and Cornel West. 2000. The African American century: How black Americans have shaped our country. New York: Free Press.

The same principles apply to works by a single group of authors named in the same order.

R: Marty, Martin E., and R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The glory and the power: The fundamentalist challenge to the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.

———, eds. 2004. Accounting for fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Marty, Martin E., and Micah Marty. 1998. When true simplicity is gained: Finding spiritual clarity in a complex world. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

If your reference list includes more than one work published in the same year by an author or group of authors named in the same order, arrange the entries alphabetically by title (ignoring articles such as a or the). Add the letters a, b, c, and so forth to the year, set in roman type without an intervening space. Your parenthetical citations to these works should include the letters (see 18.3.2).

R: Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1983a. Beyond the market: Books as gifts in sixteenth-century France. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 33: 69—88.

———. 1983b. The return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

If a book or journal article does not have an author or editor (or other named compiler, such as a translator), put the title first in your reference list entry and alphabetize based on it, ignoring articles such as a or the.

R: Account of the operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. 1870—1910. 22 vols. Dehra Dun: Survey of India.

The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. 1863. The Calcutta Review 38: 26—62.

State and prospects of Asia. 1839. The Quarterly Review 63, no. 126 (March): 369—402.

For magazine and newspaper articles without authors, use the title of the magazine or newspaper in place of the author (see 19.3 and 19.4). For other types of sources, see the relevant section in chapter 19 for guidance; if not stated otherwise, use a title in this position.

CATEGORIZED LISTINGS. Because readers following a parenthetical citation will have only an author and a date to help them identify the relevant reference list entry, organize the list as described above except in rare cases. Under the following circumstances, you may consider dividing the list into separate categories:

If you have more than three or four entries for a special type of source, such as manuscripts, archival collections, recordings, and so on, list them separately from the rest of your entries.

If it is critical to distinguish primary sources from secondary and tertiary ones, list the entries in separate sections.

If you categorize sources, introduce each separate section with a subheading and, if necessary, a headnote. Order the entries within each section according to the principles described above, and do not list a source in more than one section unless it clearly could be categorized in two or more ways.