A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Books - Author's name
Parenthetical citations–reference list style: citing specific types of sources
Part II. Source Citation

Chapter 18 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the parenthetical citations—reference list style, including both reference list entries and parenthetical citations. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.

This chapter provides detailed information on the form of reference list entries (and, to a lesser extent, parenthetical citations) for a wide range of sources. It is organized by type of source. It begins with the most common—books and journal articles—and then addresses other published, unpublished, and recorded sources. The sections on books (19.1) and journal articles (19.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors' names, titles, and URLs in greater depth than sections on less common sources.

Online and other electronic sources that are analogous to print sources (online journal articles, for example) are included under the relevant type of source. Other online sources, considered “informally published” (see 15.4.1), are discussed in 19.7.

Most sections include guidelines and examples for reference list entries (identified with an R). Since most parenthetical citations follow the basic pattern described in chapter 18, they are discussed here (P) only for clarification or if unusual elements might cause confusion in preparing a parenthetical citation (for example, when a work has both an author and an editor).

To cite a type of source that is not covered in this chapter, consult chapter 17 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations, as long as you use them consistently.

19.1 Books

Books reflect a wider range of elements than most other types of published sources. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.

19.1.1 Author's name

In your reference list, give each author's name exactly as it appears on the title page. If the name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1). List authors' names in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in “Special Types of Names” below (p. 233).

R: Ball, Philip. 2001. Bright earth: Art and the invention of color. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Breen, T. H. 2004. The marketplace of revolution: How consumer politics shaped American independence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Elizabeth I. 2000. Collected works. Ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

In parenthetical citations, use only the author's last name, exactly as given in the reference list. If the author is known by a single name, use it instead of a last name.

P: (Ball 2001, 140)

(Breen 2004, 48)

(Elizabeth I 2000, 102—4)

MULTIPLE AUTHORS. In a reference list entry for a book with more than one author, list the first author's name in inverted order, followed by a comma, and list the rest of the authors in standard order. Use a comma before the and in a series of three or more. Include all authors, no matter how many; do not use et al.

R: Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. 2005. American Prometheus: The triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob. 1994. Telling the truth about history. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, and Christopher B. Daly. 1987. Like a family: The making of a Southern cotton mill world. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

In a parenthetical citation, use the authors' last names, exactly as given in the reference list. If there are four or more authors, list only the first author's name followed by et al. (with no intervening comma). Put a period after al. (an abbreviation for alii, “others”) but not after et (not an abbreviation; the Latin word for “and”).

P: (Bird and Sherwin 2005, 52)

(Appleby, Hunt, and Jacob 1994, 135—36)

(Hall et al. 1987, 114—15)

EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author's name as described above. Add the editor or translator's name after the book's title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original.

In reference list entries, insert the abbreviation Ed. (never Eds., because in this context it means “edited by” rather than “editor”) or Trans. before the editor's or translator's name.

R: Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New and selected poems. Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Menchú, Rigoberta. 1999. Crossing borders. Trans. and ed. Ann Wright. New York: Verso.

Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. 1999. The complete correspondence, 1928—1940. Ed. Henri Lonitz. Trans. Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to ed. or trans. and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 19.1.9). For cases in which the author's name appears in the book's title and the editor's name appears on the title page instead, see “Additional Authorial Situations” below.

In parenthetical citations, do not include the name of an editor or translator if the work appears in your reference list under the author's name.

P: (Bonnefoy 1995, 35)

(Menchú 1999, 50—51)

(Adorno and Benjamin 1999, 212)

EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book's title page instead of an author, use that person's name in the author's slot. Treat it as you would an author's name (see above), but in the reference list, add the abbreviation ed. (plural, eds.) or trans. (singular or plural) following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, follow the principles in “Multiple Authors” (see p. 230, above).

R: Silverstein, Theodore, trans. 1974. Sir Gawain and the green knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fulop, Timothy E., and Albert J. Raboteau, eds. 1997. African-American religion: Interpretive essays in history and culture. New York: Routledge.

P: (Silverstein 1974, 34)

(Fulop and Raboteau 1997, 412—14)

ADDITIONAL AUTHORIAL SITUATIONS. Following are some additional ways authors might be identified in your sources. If you encounter situations not covered here, adapt the pattern that seems most closely related.

Author's name in title. If an author's name appears in the title or subtitle of a book such as an autobiography, include it in its usual position in a reference list entry (despite the repetition) and also in a parenthetical citation.

Although many such works also have editors, do not list the works under the editor's name except in special cases (for example, in a study of works edited by that individual).

R: Sherman, W. T. 1990. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman. Ed. Charles Royster. New York: Library of America.

McCullers, Carson. 1999. Illumination and night glare: The unfinished autobiography of Carson McCullers. Ed. Carlos L. Dews. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

P: (Sherman 1990, 836)

(McCullers 1999, 54)

Organization as author. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author's name on the title page, list the organization itself as author, even if it is also given as publisher.

R: World Health Organization. 2003. Organization of services for mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

P: (World Health Organization 2003, 50)

Pseudonym. Treat a widely used pseudonym as if it were the author's real name. If the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym in a reference list entry, though not in a parenthetical citation.

R: Twain, Mark. 1899. The prince and the pauper: A tale for young people of all ages. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Centinel [pseud.]. 1981. Letters. In The complete anti-Federalist, ed. Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P: (Twain 1899, 34)

(Centinel 1981, 2)

Anonymous author. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book's title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark to indicate uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name and begin the reference list entry with the title. In parenthetical citations, use a shortened title (see 18.3.2).

R: [Cook, Ebenezer?]. 1730. Sotweed redivivus, or the planter's looking-glass. Annapolis.

A true and sincere declaration of the purpose and ends of the plantation begun in Virginia, of the degrees which it hath received, and means by which it hath been advanced. 1610.

P: ([Ebenezer Cook?] 1730, 5—6)

(True and sincere declaration 1610, 17)

SPECIAL TYPES OF NAMES. Some authors' names consist of more than a readily identifiable “first name” and “last name.” For names of well-known historical authors, consult Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary; for contemporary authors, consult your library's online catalog. Following are some general principles for alphabetizing such names. In parenthetical citations, use the last name exactly as inverted (shown below in boldface).

Compound names. Alphabetize compound last names, including hyphenated names, by the first part of the compound. If a woman uses both her own family name and her husband's but does not hyphenate them, generally alphabetize by the second name. While many foreign languages have predictable patterns for compound names (see below), others—such as French and German—do not.

Kessler-Harris, Alice

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

Hine, Darlene Clark

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

Names with particles. Depending on the language, particles such as de, di, D', and van may or may not be considered the first part of a last name for alphabetizing. Consult one of the resources noted above if you are unsure about a particular name. Note that particles may be either lowercased or capitalized, and some are followed by an apostrophe.

de Gaulle, Charles

Beauvoir, Simone de

di Leonardo, Micaela

Kooning, Willem de

Van Rensselaer, Stephen

Medici, Lorenzo de'

Names beginning with “Mac,” “Saint,” or “O'.” Names that begin with Mac, Saint, or O' can have many variations in abbreviations (Mc, St.), spelling (Sainte, San), capitalization (Macmillan, McAllister), and hyphenation or apostrophes (O'Neill or Odell; Saint-Gaudens or St. Denis). Alphabetize all such names based on the letters actually present; do not group them because they are similar.

Names in languages other than English. Naming conventions in many languages are different from those in English. If your paper involves many names from a particular language, study these conventions for the relevant language.

Many Spanish last names are compound names, consisting of an individual's paternal and maternal family names and usually joined by the conjunction y. Alphabetize such names under the first part.

Ortega y Gasset, José

Sánchez Mendoza, Juana

Alphabetize Arabic last names that begin with the particle al- or el(“the”) under the element following the particle. Names that begin with Abu, Abd, and Ibn are similar to English names beginning with Mac or Saint and should be alphabetized under these terms.

Hakim, Tawfiq al-

Abu Zafar Nadvi, Syed

Jamal, Muhammad Hamid al-

Ibn Saud, Aziz

If an author with a Chinese or Japanese name follows traditional usage (family name followed by given name), do not invert the name or insert a comma between the “first” and “last” names. If the author follows westernized usage (given name followed by family name), treat the name as you would an English name.

Traditional usage

Chao Wu-chi

Yoshida Shigeru

Westernized usage

Tsou, Tang

Kurosawa, Noriaki