A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Incorporating quotations into your text - Run-in quotations
Quotations
Part III. Style 20 spelling

You can incorporate a quotation into your text in one of two ways, depending on its length. If the quotation is four lines or fewer, run it into your text and enclose it in quotation marks. If it is five lines or longer, set it off as a block quotation, without quotation marks. Follow the same principles for quotations within footnotes or endnotes (see 16.3.5).

You may use a block quotation for a quotation shorter than five lines if you want to emphasize it or compare it to a longer quotation.

25.2.1 Run-in quotations

When quoting a passage of fewer than five lines, enclose the exact words quoted in double quotation marks. There are several ways to integrate a quotation into the flow of your text; see 7.5. You may introduce it with the name of the author accompanied by a term such as notes, claims, argues, or according to. (Note that these terms are usually in the present tense, rather than noted, claimed, and so forth, but some disciplines follow different practices.) In this case, put a comma before the quotation.

Ricoeur writes, “The boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”

As Ricoeur notes, “The boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”

If you weave a quotation more tightly into the syntax of your sentence, as with the word that, do not put a comma before it.

Ricoeur warns us that “the boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”

If you put the attributing phrase in the middle of a quotation, set it off with commas.

“The boundary between plot and argument,” says Ricoeur, “is no easier to trace.”

For use of commas, periods, and other punctuation marks within the quotation, see 21.11.2 and 25.3.1; for capitalization within the quotation, see 25.3.1.

PLACEMENT OF CITATIONS. If you cite the source of a quotation in a footnote or endnote, where you place the superscript note number (see 16.3.2) depends on where the quotation falls within a sentence. If the quotation is at the end of the sentence, put the number after the closing quotation mark.

According to Litwack, “Scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of their emancipation.”⁴

If the quotation ends in the middle of a sentence, put the number at the end of the clause that includes the quotation, which often is the end of the sentence.

“Scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of their emancipation,” according to Litwack.⁴

Litwack argues that “scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of their emancipation,”⁴ and he proceeds to prove this assertion.

The same placement options apply to citations given parenthetically with either bibliography-style (16.4.3) or reference list—style citations (see 18.3.1), with one critical difference: if a period or comma would normally precede the closing quotation mark, place it outside the quotation, following the closing parenthesis.

The authors seek to understand “how people categorize the objects they encounter in everyday situations” (Bowker and Star 1999, 59).

To determine “how people categorize the objects they encounter in everyday situations” (Bowker and Star 1999, 59), the authors devised a study.

Understanding “how people categorize the objects they encounter in everyday situations” is the key for Bowker and Star (1999, 59).

SPECIAL PUNCTUATION. For a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation marks for the inner set of quoted words.

Rothko, argues Ball, “wanted to make works that wrought a transcendent effect, that dealt with spiritual concerns: ’Paintings must be like miracles,’ he once said.”

If you run two or more lines of poetry into your text, separate them with a slash (/), with a space before and after it. In most cases, however, use block quotations for poetry.

They reduce life to a simple proposition, “All things have rest, and ripen toward the grave; / In silence, ripen, fall, and cease.”