Format requirements for specific elements - Appendix: зaper аormat and ыubmission - Part III. Style 20 spelling

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

Format requirements for specific elements
Appendix: зaper аormat and ыubmission
Part III. Style 20 spelling

In addition to the general requirements outlined in A.1, specific elements of a paper have specific format requirements. This section describes elements most commonly found in class papers, theses, and dissertations, and it provides samples of many of them. All of the samples except figures A.1 and A.8 are pages drawn from dissertations written at the University of Chicago. As needed, the pages have been edited to match the style and format recommendations in this manual. If your instructor, department, or university has specific guidelines that differ from these samples, they take precedence.

Most long papers and all theses and dissertations have three main divisions: (1) front matter, (2) the text of the paper itself, and (3) back matter. The front and back matter are also divided into elements that vary, depending on your paper.

In a class paper, the front matter will probably be a single title page and the back matter just a bibliography or reference list.

A.2.1 Front matter

The front matter of your thesis or dissertation may include some or all of the following elements. Departments and universities usually provide specific directions for the order of elements; if they do not, follow the order described here.

SUBMISSION PAGE. Most theses and dissertations include a submission page, usually as the first page of the document. If it appears in this position, it does not bear a page number and is not counted in paginating the front matter.

The submission page states that the paper has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MA or PhD degree (the wording varies), and it includes space for the signatures of the examining committee members. Most departments and universities provide model submission pages that should be followed exactly for wording and form.

TITLE PAGE. Class papers should begin with a title page (though some put the title on the first page of the text; consult your instructor). Place the title of the paper a third of the way down the page, usually centered. If the paper has both a main title and a subtitle, put the main title on a single line, followed by a colon, and begin the subtitle on the next line. Several lines below it, place your name along with any information requested by your instructor, such as the course title (including its department and number) and the date. Figure A.1 shows a sample title page for a class paper. For most such papers, this is the only front matter needed.

For a thesis or dissertation, most departments and universities provide model title pages that should be followed exactly for wording and form. Otherwise, use figure A.2 as a model. Count the title page as page i, but do not put that number on it.

If your thesis or dissertation will be bound in more than one volume (see A.1.4), you will probably need to provide separate title pages for each volume. Consult your local guidelines.

COPYRIGHT OR BLANK PAGE. In a thesis or dissertation, insert a copyright page after the title page. Count this page as page ii, but do not put that number on it unless directed by your local guidelines. Include the copyright notice near the bottom of this page, usually flush left, in this form:

Copyright © 20XX by Your Name

All rights reserved

You need not apply for a formal copyright because this notice legally establishes your copyright.

If you do not need to include a copyright notice in your paper, you may insert a blank sheet in its place or omit this element, depending on your local guidelines.

DEDICATION. If your department or university allows dedications, you may include a brief one to acknowledge someone who has been especially important to you. Count the dedication page in paginating the front matter, but do not put a page number on it unless directed by your local guidelines. Place the dedication a third of the way down, usually centered, and set it in roman type with no terminal punctuation. You need not include the words dedication or dedicated; simply say to:

To Anika

You may identify the person to whom you dedicate the work (“To my father, Sebastian Wells”) or give other information such as birth and death dates. More extravagant dedications are outdated, and humorous ones rarely stand the test of time.

EPIGRAPH. If your department or university allows epigraphs, you may include a brief one in addition to or instead of a dedication. An epigraph is a quotation that establishes a theme of the paper. It is most appropriate when its words are especially striking and uniquely capture the spirit of your work. Count the epigraph page in paginating the front matter, but do not put a page number on it unless directed by your local guidelines. You need not include the word epigraph on the page.

Place the epigraph a third of the way down the page, either centered or treated like a block quotation (see 25.2.2). Do not enclose it in quotation marks. On the line following the epigraph, usually flush right, give its source—the author's name, the title of the work (see 22.3.2), and, if you wish, the date of the quotation, preceded by an em dash (or two hyphens; see 21.7.2):

Thus out of small beginnings greater things have been produced by His hand . . . and, as one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone unto many, yea in some sort to our whole nation.

—William Bradford

Some people think the women are the cause of modernism, whatever that is.

New York Sun, February 13, 1917

Epigraphs may also appear at the beginning of a chapter or section; see 25.2.2 and figure A.9.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. All papers divided into chapters require a table of contents. Number all pages of this element with roman numerals. Label the first page Contents at the top of the page. If the table of contents is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, but leave a blank line between items.

A table of contents does not list pages that precede it (submission page, title page, copyright or blank page, dedication, epigraph) but should begin with the front matter pages that follow it. Following these items, list in order the parts, chapters, or other units of the text, and then the elements of the back matter. If you have subheads in the text (see A.2.2), include only the first and second levels unless further levels are specific enough to give readers an accurate overview of your paper. Be sure that the wording, capitalization, number style (arabic, roman, or spelled out), and typography of all titles and subheads (see A.1.5) match exactly those in the paper.

Give page numbers only for the first page of each element (not the full span of pages), and use lowercase roman or arabic numerals as on the pages themselves. List page numbers flush right and, if you choose, use a line of periods or dots (called leaders) to lead a reader's eye from each title to the page number.

Figure A.3 shows a sample table of contents for a paper with a simple structure. Part and chapter titles appear flush left, with page numbers flush right.

For a more complex paper, follow the logic of your paper's organization unless your local guidelines require a specific format. Figure A.4 shows the second page of a long table of contents. Note that you may center part titles or volume numbers (if relevant; see A.1.4) above the relevant chapters and use the word Chapter as a heading above the column listing chapter numbers. To distinguish chapter titles and subheadings more clearly, you may indent the subheadings, with each level consistently indented a half inch to the right of the preceding level.

If your thesis or dissertation will be bound in more than one volume, you may need to repeat the table of contents, or at least the relevant listings from it, in each volume after the first. Consult your local guidelines.

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, OR ILLUSTRATIONS. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) includes figures, tables, or both, list them in the front matter. Number all pages of such a list with roman numerals. If your paper includes only figures (see chapter 26 for definitions), label the first page Figures at the top of the page; if it includes only tables, label it Tables instead. If the list is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, but leave a blank line between items. Figure A.5 shows a sample list of tables.

If your paper includes both figures and tables, your local guidelines may allow you to combine them into a single list. Label the list Illustrations (following the pattern described above), but divide it into two sections labeled Figures and Tables, as in figure A.6.

Give each table or figure number in arabic numerals, and vertically align the list on the period following. If you are using double numeration (as in fig. A.5), align the numbers on the decimals instead.

Figure captions and table titles should match the wording and capitalization of those in the paper itself, but if they are very long, shorten them in a logical way in this list. Indent runovers by a half inch. (See 26.2.2 and 26.3.2 for more on table titles and figure captions.) List page numbers flush right and, if you choose, use leaders to connect the captions and titles to page numbers.

PREFACE. In a thesis or dissertation, you may include a preface to explain what motivated your study, the background of the project, the scope of the research, and the purpose of the paper. The preface may also include acknowledgments, unless they are so numerous and detailed that they merit their own section (see below). Number all pages of this element with roman numerals. Label the first page Preface at the top of the page. If the preface is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. Double-space the text of the preface, and format it to match the main text.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In a thesis or dissertation, you may have a separate section of acknowledgments in which you thank mentors and colleagues or name the individuals or institutions that supported your research or provided special assistance (such as consultation on technical matters or aid in securing special equipment and source materials). If your only acknowledgments are for routine help by an advisor or a committee, include them in the preface (see above) or omit them entirely. Number all pages of the acknowledgments with roman numerals. Label the first page Acknowledgments at the top of the page. If the acknowledgments are more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. Double-space the text of the acknowledgments, and format it to match the main text.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) includes an unusual number of abbreviations other than the common types discussed in chapter 24, list them in the front matter. Examples of items to include would be abbreviations for sources cited frequently (see 16.4.3) or for organizations that are not widely known (24.1.2).

Number all pages of such a list with roman numerals. Label the first page Abbreviations at the top of the page. If the list is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, but leave a blank line between items. Figure A.7 shows a sample list of abbreviations. (The items in this sample are italic only because they are titles of published works.)

Note that the items are arranged alphabetically by the abbreviation, not by the spelled-out term. The abbreviations themselves are flush left; spelled-out terms (including runovers) are set on a consistent indent that allows about a half inch of space between the longest abbreviation in the first column and the first word in the second column.

GLOSSARY. You may need a glossary if your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) includes many foreign words or technical terms and phrases that may be unfamiliar to your readers. Some departments and universities allow or require the glossary to be placed in the back matter, after any appendixes and before the endnotes and bibliography or reference list. If you are free to choose, put it in the front matter if readers must know the definitions before they begin reading. Otherwise, put it in the back matter (see A.2.3).

If it appears in the front matter, number all pages of a glossary with roman numerals. Label the first page Glossary at the top of the page. If the glossary is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, but leave a blank line between items. Figure A.8 shows a sample glossary.

Note that the terms are arranged alphabetically, flush left and followed by a period (a colon or dash is sometimes used). You may put the terms in boldface or italics to make them stand out. The translation or definition follows, with its first word capitalized and a terminal period. If, however, the definitions consist of only single words or brief phrases, do not use terminal periods. If a definition is more than one line, indent the runovers by a half inch.

EDITORIAL OR RESEARCH METHOD. If your thesis or dissertation requires an extensive preliminary discussion of your editorial method (such as your choices among variant texts) or research method, include it as a separate element. You can also briefly discuss method in the preface. If you only state that you have modernized capitalization and punctuation in quoted sources, put that in the preface or in a note attached to the first such quotation.

Number all pages of a note on method with roman numerals. Label the first page Editorial Method or Research Method at the top of the page. If the section is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. Double-space the text of this section, and format it to match the main text.

ABSTRACT. Many departments or universities require that a thesis or dissertation include an abstract summarizing its contents. (Sometimes the abstract is submitted as a separate document.) This abstract will likely be submitted to the publication Dissertation Abstracts International. Number all pages of this element with roman numerals. Label the first page Abstract at the top of the page. If the abstract is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. Most departments or universities have specific models for abstracts that you should follow exactly for content, length, format, and placement.

A.2.2 Text

The text of a paper includes everything between the front matter and the back matter. It begins with your introduction and ends with your conclusion, both of which may be as short as a single paragraph or as long as several pages. In a thesis or dissertation, the text is usually separated into chapters and sometimes into parts, sections, and subsections. Many longer class papers are also divided in this way.

Since most of the text consists of paragraphs laying out your findings, there are few format requirements beyond those discussed in A.1. The only additional issues are how to begin divisions of the text, how to format notes or parenthetical citations, and how to position tables and figures within the text.

Begin the arabic numbering of your paper with the first page of the text.

INTRODUCTION. Many theses and dissertations (and, in some cases, class papers) begin with a section that previews the contents and argument of the entire paper and is so distinct that the writer separates it from the rest of the paper. (The background of the project and any issues that informed the research should be covered in the preface; see A.2.1.) If you begin with such an introduction, label the first page Introduction at the top of the page. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the introduction. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. If the substance of your introductory material is not clearly distinct from the following chapters, consider incorporating it into your first chapter.

PARTS. If you divide the text of your thesis or dissertation into two or more parts, each including two or more chapters, begin each part with a part-title page. The first part-title page follows the introduction (even if the introduction is labeled chapter 1). Count a part-title page in paginating, but do not put a page number on it except in the case described below or unless directed by your local guidelines. Label this page Part followed by the part number at the top of the page. Depending on your local guidelines, give the part number either in capitalized roman numerals (II) or spelled out (Two); be sure to number the chapters in a different style. If the part has a descriptive title in addition to its number, place this title two lines down, following a blank line.

If you include text introducing the contents of the part on the part-title page, number the page with an arabic numeral. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. If the text is more than one page long, do not repeat the part number or title.

Follow a consistent format for all of your part-title pages: if one part has a descriptive title in addition to a number, then give all parts descriptive titles; if one part has introductory text, then include introductory text in all parts.

CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertations, and many long class papers, consist of two or more chapters. Each chapter begins on a new page. Label this page Chapter followed by the chapter number at the top of the page. You may give the chapter number either in arabic numerals (4) or spelled out (Four). If your paper has parts, choose a different style of numbering for the chapter numbers (for example, Part II; Chapter Four). If the chapter has a descriptive title in addition to its number, place this title two lines down, following a blank line. Do not repeat the number or the title on subsequent pages of the chapter. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text. Figure A.9 shows a sample first page of a chapter with an epigraph (see 25.2.2).

An alternative format is to omit the word Chapter and use only the chapter number and title, which can then appear on the same line, separated by a colon or a tab space. Do not use this format, however, if your paper has parts as well as chapters, if it does not have chapter titles, or if there is any possibility of confusing a new chapter with any other division of the paper.

SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS. Long chapters in theses, dissertations, and long class papers may be further divided into sections, which in turn may be divided into subsections, and so on. If your paper, or a chapter within it, has only a few sections, you may signal the division between sections informally by leaving an extra blank line between paragraphs.

If you create formal sections in a paper or in its chapters, you may give each one its own title, also called a subheading or subhead. You may have multiple levels of subheads, which are designated first-level, second-level, and so on. Unless you are writing a very long and complex paper, think carefully before using more than two or three levels of subheads. Rather than being helpful, they can become distracting. You should have at least two subheads at any level; if you do not, your divisions might not be logically structured.

Unless your local guidelines have rules for subheads, you may devise your own typography and format for them. Each level of subhead should be consistent and different from all other levels, and higher-level subheads should be more visually prominent than lower-level ones. In general, subheads are more prominent when centered, in boldface or italic type, or capitalized headline style than when flush left, in regular type, or capitalized sentence style. Put an extra blank line before and after subheads; do not end them with a period.

Here is one plan for five levels of subheads.

First level: centered, boldface or italic type, headline-style capitalization

Contemporary art

Second level: centered, regular type, headline-style capitalization

What Are the Major Styles?

Third level: flush left, boldface or italic type, headline-style capitalization

Abstract Expressionism

Fourth level: flush left, roman type, sentence-style capitalization

Major painters and practitioners

Fifth level: run in at beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italic type, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period

Pollock as the leader. The role of leading Abstract Expressionist painter was filled by Jackson Pollock. . . .

Never end a page with a subhead. Set your word processor to keep all headings attached to the ensuing paragraph, or if necessary, add an extra blank line or two so that the subhead appears at the top of the next page. Add an extra blank line between two subheads of different levels that appear together without intervening text.

NOTES OR PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS. If you are using bibliography-style citations with footnotes, see 16.3 for a discussion of how to format footnotes. Figure A.10 shows a sample page of text with footnotes.

If you are using reference list—style citations, see 18.3 for a discussion of how to format parenthetical citations. Figure A.11 shows a sample page of text with parenthetical citations.

TABLES AND FIGURES. If your paper includes tables or figures, see chapter 26 for a discussion of how to format tables, some types of figures, and figure captions, and A.3.1 for information about inserting these elements into your paper. Figure A.12 shows a sample page of text with a figure positioned on it, and figure A.13 shows a sample of a table in landscape orientation on its own page.

CONCLUSION. In a thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, a long class paper), you will probably end with a conclusion that is long enough to treat as a separate element. If you include such a conclusion, label the first page Conclusion at the top of the page. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the conclusion. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text.

You may also label the conclusion as the last numbered chapter of your paper if you want to emphasize its connection to the rest of your text. If so, treat the word Conclusion as a chapter title (see above, p. 397).

A.2.3 Back matter

The back matter of your paper may consist of all or some or none of the following elements. Departments and universities usually provide specific directions for the order of elements; if they do not, follow the order described here. Number the back matter continuously with the text using arabic numerals.

ILLUSTRATIONS. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) includes photographs, maps, or similar types of figures that are marginally relevant to your topic or too large to put in the text (see 26.1.1), make them the first element in the back matter. Other types of figures, such as charts and graphs, that meet these criteria should be treated as an appendix, as should tables; see below.

Label the first page of the illustrations section Illustrations at the top of the page. If this section is more than one page, do not repeat the title. For information about inserting figures into your paper, see A.3.1.

APPENDIXES. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) includes essential supporting material that cannot be easily worked into the body of your paper, put the material in one or more appendixes in the back matter. (Do not put appendixes at the ends of chapters.)

Examples of such material would be tables and some types of figures, such as charts and graphs, that are marginally relevant to your topic or too large to put in the text; schedules and forms used in collecting materials; copies of documents not available to the reader; and case studies too long to put into the text.

Label the first page Appendix at the top of the page. If the appendix is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first line of text or other material.

If the appendix material is of different types—for example, a table and a case study—divide it among more than one appendix. In this case, give each appendix a number or letter and a descriptive title. You may give the numbers in either arabic numerals (1, 2) or spelled out (One, Two), or you may use single letters of the alphabet in sequential order (A, B). Put the number or letter following the word Appendix, and place the descriptive title on the next line. (If your paper has only one appendix, you may also give it a descriptive title, but do not give it a number or letter.)

If the appendix consists of your own explanatory text, double-space it and format it to match the main text. If it consists of a primary document or a case study, you may choose to single-space the text, especially if it is long.

Treat supporting material that cannot be presented in print form, such as a large data set or a multimedia file, as an appendix. Include a brief description of the material and its location, including a hyperlink (if relevant). Consult your local guidelines for specific format and presentation requirements; see also A.3.1.

GLOSSARY. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in some cases, your class paper) needs a glossary (see A.2.1), you may include it in either the front or back matter, where it follows any appendixes and precedes endnotes and bibliography or reference list. All of the special format requirements described in A.2.1 apply, except that the back-matter glossary pages should be numbered with arabic instead of roman numerals. Figure A.8 shows a sample glossary (formatted to appear in front matter).

ENDNOTES. If you are using bibliography-style citations, you may include notes in the back matter as endnotes (see 16.3.4 for formatting endnotes). Label the first page of this element Notes at the top of the page. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the endnotes section. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first note, and one blank line between notes. Figure A.14 shows a sample page of endnotes for a paper divided into chapters.

If you are using reference list—style citations, you will not have endnotes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCE LIST. If you are using bibliography-style citations, you will probably include a bibliography in the back matter. Label the first page of this element Bibliography at the top of the page. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the bibliography. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed, and one blank line between items. Figure A.15 shows a sample page of a bibliography.

For some types of bibliographies, you should use a different title, such as Sources Consulted. If you do not arrange the bibliography alphabetically by author, include a headnote, subheadings (formatted consistently), or both to explain the arrangement. See 16.2 for these variations.

If you are using reference list—style citations, you must include a reference list in the back matter. Label the first page of the list References at the top of the page. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the reference list. Leave two blank lines between the title and the first item listed, and one blank line between items. Figure A.16 shows a sample page of a reference list.

In the rare case that you do not arrange the reference list alphabetically by author (see 18.2.1), include a headnote, subheadings (formatted consistently), or both to explain the arrangement.