A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007
Part I. Research and writing: from planning to production
What research is and yow researchers think about it
How researchers think about their aims
Three kinds of questions that researchers ask - Conceptual questions: what should we think?
Practical questions: what should we do?
Applied questions: what must we understand before we know what to do?
Choosing the right kind of question
The special challenge of conceptual questions: answering so what?
Moving from a topic to a question to a working hypothesis
Find a question in your topic - Search your interests
Propose some working answers - Decide on a working hypothesis
Beware the risks in a working hypothesis
If you can't find an answer, argue for your question
Build a storyboard to plan and guide your work - State your question and working hypotheses
Sketch in the kind of evidence you should look for
Organize a writing support group
Finding useful sources
Understand the kinds of sources readers expect you to use - Consult primary sources for evidence
Read secondary sources to learn from other researchers
Read tertiary sources for introductory overviews
Record your sources fully, accurately, and appropriately - Determine your citation style
Search for sources systematically - Look for someone who knows something about your topic
Skim a few specialized reference works
Search guides to periodical literature
For advanced projects, follow bibliographic trails
Evaluate sources for relevance and reliability - Evaluate the relevance of sources
Evaluate the reliability of print sources
Evaluate the reliability of online sources
Look beyond the usual kinds of references
Engaging sources
Read generously to understand, then critically to engage and evaluate - Look for creative agreement
Look for creative disagreement
Take notes systematically - Create templates for notes
Know when to summarize, paraphrase, or quote
Guard against inadvertent plagiarism
Take useful notes - Use note-taking to advance your thinking
Take notes relevant to your question and working hypothesis
Categorize your notes for sorting
Review your progress - Search your notes for an answer
Manage moments of normal panic
Planning your argument
What a research argument is and is not
Build your argument around answers to readers' questions
Turn your working hypothesis into a claim
Assemble the elements of your argument - State and evaluate your claim
Support your claim with reasons and evidence
Acknowledge and respond to readers' points of view
Establish the relevance of your reasons
Distinguish arguments based on evidence from arguments based on warrants
Planning a first draft
Create a plan that meets your readers' needs - Converting a storyboard into an outline
Identify key terms expressing concepts that unite the report and distinguish its parts
Use key terms to create subheads that uniquely identify each section
Make your order clear with transitional words
Sketch a brief introduction to each section and subsection
For each section, sketch in evidence, acknowledgments, warrants, and summaries
Drafting your report
Draft in the way that feels most comfortable
Develop productive drafting habits
Use your key terms to keep yourself on track
Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately
Integrate quotations into your text
Use footnotes and endnotes judiciously
Interpret complex or detailed evidence before you offer it
Guard against inadvertent plagiarism - Signal every quotation, even when you cite its source
Usually cite a source for ideas not your own
Don't plead ignorance, misunderstanding, or innocent intentions
Guard against inappropriate assistance
Work through chronic procrastination and writer's block
Presenting evidence in tables and figures
Choose Verbal or Visual Representations
Choose the most effective graphic
Design tables and figures - Frame each graphic to help your readers understand it
Keep the image as simple as its content allows
Follow guidelines for tables, bar charts, and line graphs
Revising your draft
Check your introduction, conclusion, and claim
Make sure the body of your report is coherent
Let your draft cool, then paraphrase it
Writing your final introduction and conclusion
Draft your final introduction - Establish a brief context of prior research
Restate your question as something not known or fully understood
State the significance of your question
Draft your final conclusion - Restate your claim
Point out a new significance, a practical application, or new research (or all three)
Revising sentences
Focus on the first seven or eight words of a sentence - Avoid long introductory phrases and clauses
Make subjects short and concrete
Avoid interrupting subjects and verbs with more than a word or two
Put key actions in verbs, not in nouns
Put information familiar to readers at the beginning of a sentence, new information at the end
Choose active or passive verbs to reflect the previous principles
Use first person pronouns appropriately
Learning from your returned paper
Find general principles in specific comments
Presenting research in alternative forums
Plan your oral presentation - Narrow your focus
Understand the difference between listeners and readers
Design your presentation to be listened to - Sketch your introduction
Design notes for the body of your talk so that you can understand them at a glance
Model your conclusion on your introduction
Part II. Source Citation
General introduction to citation practices
Reasons for citing your sources
The requirements of citation - Situations requiring citations
Information required in citations
Two citation styles - Bibliography style
Citation of electronic sources - Online sources
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Basic patterns - Order of elements
Bibliographies - Types of bibliographies
Notes - Footnotes versus endnotes
Short forms for notes - Shortened notes
Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources
Page numbers and other locating information
Chapters and other titled parts of a book
Letters and other communications in published collections
Online and other electronic books
Journal articles - Author's name
Page numbers and other locating information
Special issues and supplements
Newspaper articles - Special format issues
Special types of newspaper citations
Additional types of published sources - Classical, medieval, and early english literary works
The bible and other sacred works
Unpublished sources - Theses and dissertations
Lectures and papers presented at meetings
Interviews and personal communications
Informally published electronic sources - Web sites
Sources in the visual and performing arts - Visual sources
Television programs and other broadcast sources
Texts in the visual and performing arts
Public documents - Elements to include, their order, and how to format them
Publications of government departments and agencies
State and local government documents
Publications of international bodies
Unpublished government documents
Parenthetical citations–reference list style: the basic form
Basic patterns - Order of elements
Reference lists - Arrangement of entries
Parenthetical citations - Placement in text
Special elements and format issues
Footnotes and parenthetical citations
Parenthetical citations–reference list style: citing specific types of sources
Page numbers and other locating information
Chapters and other titled parts of a book
Online and other electronic books
Journal articles - Author's name
Page numbers and other locating information
Special issues and supplements
Newspaper articles - Special format issues
Special types of newspaper citations
Additional types of published sources - Classical, medieval, and early english literary works
The bible and other sacred works
Unpublished sources - Theses and dissertations
Lectures and papers presented at meetings
Interviews and personal communications
Informally published electronic sources - Web sites
Sources in the visual and performing arts - Visual sources
Television programs and other broadcast sources
Texts in the visual and performing arts
Public documents - Elements to include, their order, and how to format them
Publications of government departments and agencies
State and local government documents
Publications of international bodies
Unpublished government documents
Part III. Style 20 spelling
Spelling
Compounds and words formed with prefixes - Compounds used as adjectives
Compounds used as both nouns and adjectives
Line breaks - Breaks within words
Breaks over spaces and punctuation
Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases
Parentheses and brackets - Parentheses
Multiple punctuation marks - Omission of punctuation marks
Names, special terms, and titles of works
Names - People, places, and organizations
Historical events, cultural terms, and designations of time
Special terms - Foreign language terms
Titles of works - Capitalization
Numbers
Words or numerals? - General rule
Percentages and decimal fractions
Plurals and punctuation - Plurals
Other punctuation within numbers
Date systems - Month, day, and year
Numbers used outside the text - Numbers in tables, figures, and citations
Abbreviations
General principles - Types of abbreviations
Names and titles - Personal names
Agencies, companies, and other organizations
Geographical terms - Place-names
The bible and other sacred works - Jewish bible/old testament
Abbreviations in citations and other scholarly contexts
Quotations
Quoting accurately and avoiding plagiarism
Incorporating quotations into your text - Run-in quotations
Modifying quotations - Permissible changes
Tables and figures
General issues - Position in the text
Appendix: зaper аormat and ыubmission