A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, 7th edition - Kate L. Turabian 2007

A note to students

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I. Research and writing: from planning to production

Overview of part I

What research is and yow researchers think about it

How researchers think about their aims

Three kinds of questions that researchers ask - Conceptual questions: what should we think?

Practical questions: what should we do?

Applied questions: what must we understand before we know what to do?

Choosing the right kind of question

The special challenge of conceptual questions: answering so what?

Moving from a topic to a question to a working hypothesis

Find a question in your topic - Search your interests

Make your topic manageable

Question your topic

Evaluate your questions

Propose some working answers - Decide on a working hypothesis

Beware the risks in a working hypothesis

If you can't find an answer, argue for your question

Build a storyboard to plan and guide your work - State your question and working hypotheses

State your reasons

Sketch in the kind of evidence you should look for

Look at the whole

Organize a writing support group

Finding useful sources

Understand the kinds of sources readers expect you to use - Consult primary sources for evidence

Read secondary sources to learn from other researchers

Read tertiary sources for introductory overviews

Record your sources fully, accurately, and appropriately - Determine your citation style

Record bibliographic data

Search for sources systematically - Look for someone who knows something about your topic

Skim the internet

Talk to reference librarians

Browse in your reference area

Skim a few specialized reference works

Search your library catalog

Search guides to periodical literature

Browse the shelves

For advanced projects, follow bibliographic trails

Evaluate sources for relevance and reliability - Evaluate the relevance of sources

Evaluate the reliability of print sources

Evaluate the reliability of online sources

Look beyond the usual kinds of references

Engaging sources

Read generously to understand, then critically to engage and evaluate - Look for creative agreement

Look for creative disagreement

Take notes systematically - Create templates for notes

Know when to summarize, paraphrase, or quote

Guard against inadvertent plagiarism

Take useful notes - Use note-taking to advance your thinking

Take notes relevant to your question and working hypothesis

Record relevant context

Categorize your notes for sorting

Write as you read

Review your progress - Search your notes for an answer

Invent the question

Re-sort your notes

Manage moments of normal panic

Planning your argument

What a research argument is and is not

Build your argument around answers to readers' questions

Turn your working hypothesis into a claim

Assemble the elements of your argument - State and evaluate your claim

Support your claim with reasons and evidence

Acknowledge and respond to readers' points of view

Establish the relevance of your reasons

Distinguish arguments based on evidence from arguments based on warrants

Assemble an argument

Planning a first draft

Avoid unhelpful plans

Create a plan that meets your readers' needs - Converting a storyboard into an outline

Sketch a working introduction

Identify key terms expressing concepts that unite the report and distinguish its parts

Use key terms to create subheads that uniquely identify each section

Order your reasons

Make your order clear with transitional words

Sketch a brief introduction to each section and subsection

For each section, sketch in evidence, acknowledgments, warrants, and summaries

Sketch a working conclusion

File away leftovers

Drafting your report

Draft in the way that feels most comfortable

Develop productive drafting habits

Use your key terms to keep yourself on track

Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately

Integrate quotations into your text

Use footnotes and endnotes judiciously

Interpret complex or detailed evidence before you offer it

Be open to surprises

Guard against inadvertent plagiarism - Signal every quotation, even when you cite its source

Don't paraphrase too closely

Usually cite a source for ideas not your own

Don't plead ignorance, misunderstanding, or innocent intentions

Guard against inappropriate assistance

Work through chronic procrastination and writer's block

Presenting evidence in tables and figures

Choose Verbal or Visual Representations

Choose the most effective graphic

Design tables and figures - Frame each graphic to help your readers understand it

Keep the image as simple as its content allows

Follow guidelines for tables, bar charts, and line graphs

Communicate data ethically

Revising your draft

Check your introduction, conclusion, and claim

Make sure the body of your report is coherent

Check your paragraphs

Let your draft cool, then paraphrase it

Writing your final introduction and conclusion

Draft your final introduction - Establish a brief context of prior research

Restate your question as something not known or fully understood

State the significance of your question

State your claim

Draft a new first sentence

Draft your final conclusion - Restate your claim

Point out a new significance, a practical application, or new research (or all three)

Write your title last

Revising sentences

Focus on the first seven or eight words of a sentence - Avoid long introductory phrases and clauses

Make subjects short and concrete

Avoid interrupting subjects and verbs with more than a word or two

Put key actions in verbs, not in nouns

Put information familiar to readers at the beginning of a sentence, new information at the end

Choose active or passive verbs to reflect the previous principles

Use first person pronouns appropriately

Diagnose what you read

Choose the right word

Polish it off

Give it up and print it out

Learning from your returned paper

Find general principles in specific comments

Talk to your instructor

Presenting research in alternative forums

Plan your oral presentation - Narrow your focus

Understand the difference between listeners and readers

Design your presentation to be listened to - Sketch your introduction

Design notes for the body of your talk so that you can understand them at a glance

Model your conclusion on your introduction

Prepare for questions

Create handouts

Plan your poster presentation

Plan your conference proposal

On the spirit of research

Part II. Source Citation

General introduction to citation practices

Reasons for citing your sources

The requirements of citation - Situations requiring citations

Information required in citations

Two citation styles - Bibliography style

Reference list style

Citation of electronic sources - Online sources

Other electronic media

Preparation of citations

A word on citation software

Notes-bibliography style: the basic form

Basic patterns - Order of elements

Punctuation

Capitalization

Typography of titles

Numbers

Abbreviations

Indentation

Bibliographies - Types of bibliographies

Arrangement of entries

Sources that may be omitted

Notes - Footnotes versus endnotes

Referencing notes in text

Numbering notes

Formatting notes

Complex notes

Short forms for notes - Shortened notes

Ibid

Parenthetical notes

Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources

Books - Author's name

Title

Edition

Volume

Series

Facts of publication

Page numbers and other locating information

Chapters and other titled parts of a book

Letters and other communications in published collections

Online and other electronic books

Journal articles - Author's name

Article title

Journal title

Issue information

Page numbers and other locating information

Special issues and supplements

Articles published online

Magazine articles

Newspaper articles - Special format issues

Special types of newspaper citations

Additional types of published sources - Classical, medieval, and early english literary works

The bible and other sacred works

Reference works

Reviews

Abstracts

Pamphlets and reports

Microform editions

CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs

Online databases

Unpublished sources - Theses and dissertations

Lectures and papers presented at meetings

Interviews and personal communications

Manuscript collections

Informally published electronic sources - Web sites

Weblog entries and comments

Electronic mailing lists

Sources in the visual and performing arts - Visual sources

Live performances

Television programs and other broadcast sources

Sound recordings

Video recordings

Online multimedia files

Texts in the visual and performing arts

Public documents - Elements to include, their order, and how to format them

Congressional publications

Presidential publications

Publications of government departments and agencies

U.S. constitution

Treaties

Legal cases

State and local government documents

Canadian government documents

British government documents

Publications of international bodies

Unpublished government documents

Online public documents

One source quoted in another

Parenthetical citations–reference list style: the basic form

Basic patterns - Order of elements

Punctuation

Capitalization

Typography of titles

Numbers

Abbreviations

Indentation

Reference lists - Arrangement of entries

Sources that may be omitted

Parenthetical citations - Placement in text

Special elements and format issues

Footnotes and parenthetical citations

Parenthetical citations–reference list style: citing specific types of sources

Books - Author's name

Date of publication

Title

Edition

Volume

Series

Facts of publication

Page numbers and other locating information

Chapters and other titled parts of a book

Online and other electronic books

Journal articles - Author's name

Date of publication

Article title

Journal title

Issue information

Page numbers and other locating information

Special issues and supplements

Articles published online

Magazine articles

Newspaper articles - Special format issues

Special types of newspaper citations

Additional types of published sources - Classical, medieval, and early english literary works

The bible and other sacred works

Reference works

Reviews

Abstracts

Pamphlets and reports

Microform editions

CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs

Online databases

Unpublished sources - Theses and dissertations

Lectures and papers presented at meetings

Interviews and personal communications

Manuscript collections

Informally published electronic sources - Web sites

Weblog entries and comments

Electronic mailing lists

Sources in the visual and performing arts - Visual sources

Live performances

Television programs and other broadcast sources

Sound recordings

Video recordings

Online multimedia files

Texts in the visual and performing arts

Public documents - Elements to include, their order, and how to format them

Congressional publications

Presidential publications

Publications of government departments and agencies

U.S. Constitution

Treaties

Legal cases

State and local government documents

Canadian government documents

British government documents

Publications of international bodies

Unpublished government documents

Online public documents

One source quoted in another

Part III. Style 20 spelling

Spelling

Plurals - General rule

Special cases

Possessives - General rule

Special cases

Compounds and words formed with prefixes - Compounds used as adjectives

Compounds used as both nouns and adjectives

Words formed with prefixes

Line breaks - Breaks within words

Breaks over spaces and punctuation

Punctuation - Period

Comma - Independent clauses

Series

Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases

Other uses

Semicolon

Colon

Question mark

Exclamation point

Hyphen and dashes - Hyphen

Dash

Multiple dashes

Parentheses and brackets - Parentheses

Brackets

Slashes

Quotation marks

Multiple punctuation marks - Omission of punctuation marks

Order of punctuation marks

Names, special terms, and titles of works

Names - People, places, and organizations

Historical events, cultural terms, and designations of time

Other types of names

Special terms - Foreign language terms

Words defined as terms

Titles of works - Capitalization

Typography

Punctuation

Numbers

Words or numerals? - General rule

Special cases

Percentages and decimal fractions

Money

Time

Names with numbers

Addresses and thoroughfares

Parts of published works

Equations and formulas

Plurals and punctuation - Plurals

Commas within numbers

Other punctuation within numbers

Inclusive numbers

Date systems - Month, day, and year

Decades, centuries, and eras

Numbers used outside the text - Numbers in tables, figures, and citations

Enumerations

Paper structure

Abbreviations

General principles - Types of abbreviations

When to use abbreviations

How to format abbreviations

Names and titles - Personal names

Professional titles

Academic degrees

Agencies, companies, and other organizations

Geographical terms - Place-names

Addresses

Time and dates - Time

Days and months

Eras

Units of measure

The bible and other sacred works - Jewish bible/old testament

Apocrypha

New testament

Versions of the bible

Other sacred works

Abbreviations in citations and other scholarly contexts

Quotations

Quoting accurately and avoiding plagiarism

Incorporating quotations into your text - Run-in quotations

Block quotations

Modifying quotations - Permissible changes

Omissions

Tables and figures

General issues - Position in the text

Size

Source lines

Tables - Table structure

Table numbers and titles

Column rules

Column heads

The stub

The body of a table

Footnotes

Figures - Charts and graphs

Figure numbers and captions

Appendix: зaper аormat and ыubmission

General format requirements

Format requirements for specific elements

Submission requirements

Bibliography

Authors