A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Sources in the visual and performing arts
Author-date style: citing specific types of sources
Source citation

The visual and performing arts generate a variety of sources, including artworks, live performances, broadcasts and streams, recordings in various media, and texts. Citing these sources involves determining which elements are needed to fully identify them, formatting the elements consistently, and adapting the general patterns outlined here as needed.

Some of the sources covered in this section, where noted, can be cited in parenthetical citations only or by weaving the key elements into your text, although you may choose to include a specific item in your reference list that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. If your paper is for a course in the arts, media studies, or a similar field, consult your instructor.

19.10.1 Artworks and Graphics

19.10.1.1 PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS. Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs, drawings, and the like only in parenthetical citations. Include the name of the artist, the title of the artwork (in italics) and date of its creation (preceded by “ca.” [circa] if approximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location. Separate the elements with commas. You may also include the medium and related information, if relevant.

P:

✵ (Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, oil on canvas, Milwaukee Art Museum)

✵ (Michelangelo, David, 1501—4, Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence)

✵ (Ansel Adams, North Dome, Basket Dome, Mount Hoffman, Yosemite, ca. 1935, silver print, 16.5 × 21.9 cm, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC)

✵ (Erich Buchholz, Untitled, 1920, gouache on paper, Museum of Modern Art, New York)

Instead of using a parenthetical citation, you can sometimes cite artworks by weaving the elements into your text.

O’Keeffe first demonstrated this technique in The Cliff Chimneys (1938, Milwaukee Art Museum).

If you viewed the artwork in a published source or online and your local guidelines require you to identify this source, include it in your reference list. For images consulted online, include a URL (see also 15.4.1.3). Whenever possible, consult the item through the website of the institution at which it is physically located. In your parenthetical citation, if the source is different from the artist, give the usual author-date citation in place of the institutional name and location.

R:

✵ Buchholz, Erich. 1920. Untitled. Gouache on paper. Museum of Modern Art, New York. http://www.moma.org/collection/works/38187.

✵ Lynes, Barbara Buhler, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner. 2004. Georgia O’Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

P:

✵ (Buchholz 1920)

✵ (Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, in Lynes, Poling-Kempes, and Turner 2004, 25)

19.10.1.2 GRAPHIC ARTS. Cite graphic sources such as print advertisements, maps, cartoons, and so forth only in parenthetical citations, adapting the basic patterns for artworks and giving as much information as possible. Give any title or caption in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and identify the type of graphic if it is unclear from the title. For items consulted online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3); for undated sources, also include an access date (see 15.4.1.5).

P:

✵ (Apple Inc., “Shot on iPhone 6S by Anh N.,” full-page advertisement, New Yorker, July 4, 2016, back cover)

✵ (Yu ji tu [Map of the tracks of Yu], AD 1136, Forest of Stone Steles Museum, Xi’an, China, stone rubbing, 1933?, 84 × 82 cm, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/item/gm71005080/)

✵ (Chrissy Teigen crying at the 2015 Golden Globe Awards, animated GIF, GIPHY, accessed July 3, 2016, http://giphy.com/gifs/girl-lol-crying-P2kEMJjHosUUg)

✵ (Evan Brown, “The 10 Commandments of Typography,” infographic, DesignMantic, April 11, 2014. http://www.designmantic.com/blog/infographics/ten-commandments-of-typography/)

Any information included in the text need not be repeated in the parenthetical citation.

Apple’s full-page New Yorker ad (“Shot on iPhone 6S by Anh N.,” back cover, July 4, 2016) . . .

19.10.2 Live Performances

Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in parenthetical citations. Include the title of the work performed, the author, any key contributors or performers and an indication of their roles, the venue and its location, and the date. Italicize the titles of plays and long musical compositions, but set the titles of shorter works in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). If the citation is focused on an individual’s performance, list that person’s name before the title of the work. Separate the elements with commas.

P:

✵ (Hamilton, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, directed by Thomas Kail, choreographed by Andy Blakenbuehler, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, February 2, 2016)

✵ (Simone Dinnerstein, pianist, Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2, by Johannes Brahms, Portland Center for the Performing Arts, Portland, OR, January 15, 2012.)

Instead of relying entirely on a parenthetical citation, you can usually weave some of the elements into your text.

Simone Dinnerstein’s performance of Brahms’s Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2 (January 15, 2012, at Portland Center for the Performing Arts), was anything but intermediate . . .

If you viewed or listened to a live performance in a recorded medium, cite the recording in your reference list. See 19.10.3 for similar types of examples.

R:

✵ Rubinstein, Artur, pianist. 1975. “Spinning Song,” by Felix Mendelssohn. Ambassador College, Pasadena, CA, January 15, 1975. On The Last Recital for Israel. BMG Classics, 1992. VHS.

19.10.3 Multimedia

Citations of movies, television and radio programs, recorded music, and other works in multimedia formats will vary depending on the type of source. At a minimum, identify the title of the work, the date it was created or published or otherwise made available, the name of the studio or other entity responsible for producing or distributing the work, and information about the medium in which you consulted it. If you consulted the source online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

19.10.3.1 MOVIES. In the reference list, cite a movie under the name of the director. After the date (the year the movie was released or created or otherwise made available), give the title of the movie (in italics), followed by the name of the company that produced or distributed it. (You may also include a publication date for the recording.) Include information about writers, actors, producers, and so forth if it is relevant to your discussion. Finish with any relevant information about the medium. If you watched online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

R:

✵ Cuarón, Alfonso, director. 2013. Gravity. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

✵ Famuyiwa, Rick, director. Dope. Open Road Films, 2015. 1 hr., 43 min. https://www.netflix.com/watch/80037759.

✵ Kubrick, Stanley, director. 1964. Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. Featuring Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, and Sterling Hayden. Columbia. 1 hr., 34 min. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000P407K4.

✵ Weed, A. E. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph. 35mm film. From Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898—1906. MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps. https://www.loc.gov/item/00694378.

In the text you can include information about timings, in the form displayed with the source.

P:

✵ (Kubrick 1964, 0:11:43 to 0:14:54)

Information about ancillary material included with the movie should be woven into the text, with the parenthetical reference referring to the movie as a whole.

In a special feature titled “Complete Silence” (Cuarón 2013), the director acknowledges a tension between realism and audience expectations . . .

19.10.3.2 TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMS. To cite a television or radio program, include, at a minimum, the title of the program, the name of the episode or segment, the date on which it was first aired or made available, and the entity that produced or broadcast the work. (You can repeat the year with the month and day in the reference list entry to avoid any confusion regarding the exact date.) You may also include an episode number, the name of the director or author of the episode or segment, and (if relevant to your discussion) the names of key performers. Italicize the titles of programs, but put the titles of episodes or segments in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. Finish with any relevant information about the medium. If you watched online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

R:

✵ American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson. 2016. Episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” Directed by Ryan Murphy. Written by D. V. DeVincentis. Featuring Sterling K. Brown, Kenneth Choi, and Sarah Paulson. Aired March 8, 2016, on FX. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

✵ Brady Bunch, The. 1971. Season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow.” Directed by Russ Mayberry. Aired November 19, 1971, on ABC. https://www.hulu.com/the-brady-bunch.

✵ Fresh Air. 2016. “Pen-Pal Passion Is Revived In Broadway’s ’She Loves Me.’” Hosted by David Bianculli. NPR, June 24, 2016. http://www.npr.org/2016/06/23/483245382/pen-pal-passion-is-revived-in-broadways-she-loves-me.

✵ Jane the Virgin. 2016. Season 2, chapter 36. Directed by Uta Briesewitz. Aired March 7, 2016, on the CW Television Network.

✵ Mad Men. 2007. Season 1, episode 12, “Nixon vs. Kennedy.” Directed by Alan Taylor. Featuring Jon Hamm, Elisabeth Moss, and Vincent Kartheiser. Aired October 11, 2007, on AMC. Lions Gate Television. DVD, disc 4.

P:

✵ (People v. O. J. Simpson 2016)

Instead of using a parenthetical citation, you can often cite such programs by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not relevant to the citation.

By alluding to The Brady Bunch (specifically “Her Sister’s Shadow,” from 1971), the title of episode 6 (“Marcia, Marcia, Marcia,” March 8, 2016) not only calls attention to the central role of television in the trial but also . . .

19.10.3.3 VIDEOS AND PODCASTS. To cite videos other than movies (19.10.3.1) or television programs (19.10.3.2), adapt the examples in those sections accordingly. To cite a podcast, adapt the example for citing a radio program (19.10.3.2).

✵ Danforth, Mike, and Ian Chillag. 2015. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points.” April 21, 2015. In How to Do Everything, produced by Gillian Donovan. Podcast, MP3 audio, 18:46. http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything.

✵ Kessler, Aaron M. 2015. “The Driverless Now.” Produced by Poh Si Teng and Jessica Naudziunas. New York Times, May 2, 2015. Video, 2:01. http://www.nytimes.com/video/business/100000003662208/the-driverless-now.html.

If relevant, you may include the time at which the cited material appears in the file in your parenthetical citation.

P:

✵ (Beyoncé 2016, at 1:09—1:24)

19.10.3.4 SOUND RECORDINGS. To cite recorded music and the like, include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings, including the date of the recording, the name of the recording company, the identifying number of the recording, the copyright date (if different from the year of the recording), and any relevant information about the medium. List the recording under the name of the composer or the performer, depending on which is more relevant to your discussion. Titles of albums should be in italics; individual selections should be in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). Abbreviate compact disc as CD. Recordings consulted online should include a URL (see 15.4.1.3); in some cases the name of a music service can stand in for a URL. In general, cite by year of recording, but you may repeat dates to avoid any confusion.

R:

✵ Holiday, Billie, vocalist. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157. 33⅓ rpm.

✵ Pink Floyd. 1970. “Atom Heart Mother.” Recorded April 29, 1970, at Fillmore West, San Francisco. Concert Vault streaming audio. http://www.concertvault.com/pink-floyd/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.html.

✵ Rihanna. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. Track 1 on Good Girl Gone Bad, Island Def Jam. Spotify streaming audio, 320 kbps.

✵ Rubinstein, Artur, pianist. 1946 and 1958—67. The Chopin Collection. RCA Victor/BMG 60822—2-RG, 1991. 11 CDs.

✵ Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1959 and 1965. Symphony no. 5 / Symphony no. 9. Conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Recorded with the New York Philharmonic, October 20, 1959 (no. 5), and October 19, 1965 (no. 9). Sony SMK 61841, 1999. CD.

✵ Strauss, Richard. 1940. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD.

P:

✵ (Holiday 1958)

✵ (Shostakovich 1959 and 1965)

Treat recordings of drama, prose or poetry readings, lectures, and the like as you would musical recordings.

R:

✵ Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Read by Bernadette Dunne. New York: Random House Audio, 2012. Audible audio ed., 13 hr., 6 min.

✵ Thomas, Dylan. 1953. Under Milk Wood. Performed by Dylan Thomas et al. Recorded May 14, 1953. On Dylan Thomas: The Caedmon Collection, discs 9—10. Caedmon, 2002. 11 CDs.

19.10.3.5 VIDEO GAMES AND APPS. To cite video games and apps, adapt the examples included throughout this section on multimedia as needed. Titles of video games, like titles of movies, can be italicized. Include a version number and information about the device or operating system required to run the game or app. In the first example, the publishing information for Gems and Gemstones is in parentheses because such annotations are styled like regular text.

R:

✵ Grande, Lance, and Allison Augustyn. 2011. Gems and Jewels. iPad ed., v. 1.01. Touchpress. Adapted from Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

✵ Rovio Entertainment. 2014. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment. Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

19.10.3.6 INTERVIEWS. To cite interviews in multimedia formats, treat the person interviewed as the author, and identify the interviewer in the context of the citation. Also include the program or publication and date of the interview (or publication or air date). For unpublished interviews and interviews in other types of published sources, see 19.6.1.

19.10.3.7 ADVERTISEMENTS. Cite advertisements from television, radio, and the like only in parenthetical citations or by weaving the elements into your text, or both.

P:

✵ (Fitbit, “Dualities,” advertisement, aired February 7, 2016, during Super Bowl 50, CBS, 30 sec., http://www.superbowlcommercials2016.0rg/fitbit/)

As with television shows (19.10.3.2), you can often cite advertisements by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not available or relevant to the citation.

Fitbit’s “Duality,” a thirty-second spot that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl 50 (CBS, February 7, 2016) . . .

19.10.4 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts

19.10.4.1 ART EXHIBITION CATALOGS. Cite an art exhibition catalog as you would a book. In your reference list, include information about the exhibition following the publication data.

R:

✵ Chi, Jennifer Y., ed. 2015. The Eye of the Shah: Qajar Court Photography and the Persian Past. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name at New York University’s Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, October 22, 2015—January 17, 2016.

19.10.4.2 PLAYS. In some cases you can cite well-known English-language plays in parenthetical citations only. (See also 19.8.1.) Separate the elements with commas. Omit publication data, and cite passages by act and scene (or other division) instead of by page number.

P:

✵ (Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night, act 2, scene 1)

If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if you are citing a translation or an obscure work, cite every play as you would a book, and include each in your reference list. Cite passages either by division or by page, according to your local guidelines.

R:

✵ Anouilh, Jean. 1996. Becket, or The Honor of God. Translated by Lucienne Hill. New York: Riverhead Books.

✵ Bagnold, Enid. 1956. The Chalk Garden. New York: Random House.

P:

✵ (Bagnold 1956, 8—9)

✵ (Anouilh 1996, act 1, scene 1)

19.10.4.3 MUSICAL SCORES. Cite a published musical score as you would a book.

R:

✵ Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1960. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser.

✵ Verdi, Giuseppe. 2008. Giovanna d’Arco, dramma lirico in four acts. Libretto by Temistocle Solera. Edited by Alberto Rizzuti. 2 vols. Works of Giuseppe Verdi, ser. 1, Operas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Milan: G. Ricordi.

Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.

R:

✵ Shapey, Ralph. 1966. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago.