A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Parentheses and brackets
Punctuation
Style

21.8.1 Parentheses

Parentheses usually set off explanatory or interrupting elements of a sentence, much like paired commas (see 21.2) and dashes (21.7.2). In general, use commas for material closely related to the main clause, dashes and parentheses for material less closely connected. The abbreviations e.g. and i.e., which may introduce a clarifying comment (see 24.7), are used only in parentheses or in notes.

The conference has (with some malice) divided into four groups.

Each painting depicts a public occasion; in each—a banquet, a parade, a coronation (though the person crowned is obscured)—crowds of people are pictured as swarming ants.

There are tax incentives for “clean cars” (e.g., gasoline-electric hybrids and vehicles powered by compressed natural gas and liquefied propane).

Parentheses can also be used with citations (see chapters 16 and 18) and to set off the numbers or letters in a list or an outline (see 23.4.2).

21.8.2 Brackets

Brackets are most often used in quotations, to indicate changes made to a quoted passage (see 25.3 for examples); similarly, brackets are used in source citations to enclose an author’s name or a date or other substantive information not present in the source itself (see 17.1.1.5 or 19.1.1.5 for an example). They can also be used to enclose a second layer of parenthetical material within parentheses.

He agrees with the idea that childhood has a history (first advanced by Philippe Ariès [1914—84] in his book Centuries of Childhood [1962]).