Abbreviations in citations and other scholarly contexts - Abbreviations - Style

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Abbreviations in citations and other scholarly contexts
Abbreviations
Style

Many abbreviations are commonly used and even preferred in citations, especially for identifying the roles of individuals other than authors (ed., trans.), the parts of works (vol., bk., sec.), and locating information (p., n.). For guidelines on using abbreviations in citations, see 16.1.6 and chapter 17 or 18.1.6 and chapter 19.

In text it is usually better to spell things out. Common abbreviations like e.g., i.e., and etc., if used, should be confined to parentheses (see 21.8.1).

Following is a list of some of the most common abbreviations encountered in citations and other scholarly contexts. Unless otherwise shown, most form the plural by adding s or es. None of them are normally italicized.

✵ abbr.

✵ abbreviated, abbreviation

✵ abr.

✵ abridged, abridgment

✵ anon.

✵ anonymous

✵ app.

✵ appendix

✵ assn.

✵ association

✵ b.

✵ born

✵ bib.

✵ Bible, biblical

✵ bibliog.

✵ bibliography, bibliographer

✵ biog.

✵ biography, biographer

✵ bk.

✵ book

✵ ca.

✵ circa, about, approximately

✵ cap.

✵ capital, capitalize

✵ CD

✵ compact disc

✵ cf.

✵ confer, compare

✵ chap.

✵ chapter

✵ col.

✵ color (best spelled out); column

✵ comp.

✵ compiler, compiled by

✵ cont.

✵ continued

✵ corr.

✵ corrected

✵ d.

✵ died

✵ dept.

✵ department

✵ dict.

✵ dictionary

✵ diss.

✵ dissertation

✵ div.

✵ division

✵ DOI

✵ digital object identifier

✵ DVD

✵ digital versatile (or video) disc

✵ ed.

✵ editor, edition, edited by

✵ e.g.

✵ exempli gratia, for example

✵ enl.

✵ enlarged

✵ esp.

✵ especially

✵ et al.

✵ et alii or et alia, and others

✵ etc.

✵ et cetera, and so forth

✵ ex.

✵ example

✵ fig.

✵ figure

✵ ff.

✵ and following

✵ fol.

✵ folio

✵ fps

✵ frames per second

✵ frag.

✵ fragment

✵ ftp

✵ file transfer protocol

✵ http

✵ hypertext transfer protocol

✵ ibid.

✵ ibidem, in the same place

✵ id.

✵ idem, the same

✵ i.e.

✵ id est, that is

✵ ill.

✵ illustrated, illustration, illustrator

✵ inf.

✵ infra, below

✵ intl.

✵ international

✵ intro.

✵ introduction

✵ 1. (pl. 11.)

✵ line (best spelled out to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 11)

✵ loc. cit.

✵ loco citato, in the place cited (best avoided)

✵ misc.

✵ miscellaneous

✵ MS (pl. MSS)

✵ manuscript

✵ n. (pl. nn.)

✵ note (used without periods in citations)

✵ natl.

✵ national

✵ n.b. or NB

✵ nota bene, take careful note

✵ n.d.

✵ no date

✵ no.

✵ number

✵ n.p.

✵ no place; no publisher; no page

✵ NS

✵ New Style (dates)

✵ n.s.

✵ new series

✵ op. cit.

✵ opera citato, in the work cited (best avoided)

✵ org.

✵ organization

✵ OS

✵ Old Style (dates)

✵ o.s.

✵ old series

✵ p. (pl. pp.)

✵ page

✵ para. or par.

✵ paragraph

✵ pers. comm.

✵ personal communication

✵ pl.

✵ plate (best spelled out); plural

✵ PS

✵ postscriptum, postscript

✵ pseud.

✵ pseudonym

✵ pt.

✵ part

✵ pub.

✵ publication, publisher, published by

✵ q.v.

✵ quod vide, which see

✵ r.

✵ recto, right

✵ repr.

✵ reprint

✵ rev.

✵ revised, revised by, revision; review, reviewed by

✵ ROM

✵ read-only memory

✵ sd.

✵ sound

✵ sec.

✵ section

✵ ser.

✵ series

✵ sing.

✵ singular

✵ soc.

✵ society

✵ sup.

✵ supra, above

✵ supp.

✵ supplement

✵ s.v. (pl. s.vv.)

✵ sub verbo, sub voce, under the word

✵ syn.

✵ synonym, synonymous

✵ t.p.

✵ title page

✵ trans.

✵ translated by, translator

✵ univ.

✵ university

✵ URL

✵ uniform resource locator

✵ usu.

✵ usually

✵ v. (pl. vv.)

✵ verse; verso, right

✵ viz.

✵ videlicet, namely

✵ vol.

✵ volume

✵ vs. or v.

✵ versus (in legal contexts, use v.)