A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately
Drafting your paper
Research and writing

We covered this issue when we discussed note-taking (4.2.2). You should build most of your paper out of your own words that reflect your own thinking. But you’ll support much of that thinking with the words of others, delivered in quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. As we’ve said, different fields use these techniques differently: researchers in the humanities quote more than do social and natural scientists, who typically paraphrase and summarize. But you must decide each case for itself, depending on how you use the information. Here again are some principles:

✵ ▪ Summarize when details are irrelevant or a source isn’t important enough to warrant much space.

✵ ▪ Paraphrase when you can state what a source says more clearly or concisely or when your argument depends on the details in a source but not on its specific words.

✵ ▪ Quote for these purposes:

o ▪ The words themselves are evidence that backs up your reasons.

o ▪ The words are from an authority who backs up your claims.

o ▪ The words are strikingly original or express your key concepts so compellingly that the quotation can frame an extended discussion.

o ▪ The words express a claim you disagree with, and to be fair you want to state it exactly.

Readers value research only to the degree that they trust its sources. So for every summary, paraphrase, or quotation you use, cite its bibliographic data in the appropriate style (see 15.5). Under no circumstances should you stitch together passages from the internet with a few sentences of your own. Teachers grind their teeth reading such papers, dismayed by their lack of original thinking. Readers of advanced projects reject such patchworks out of hand.