A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018
Two citation styles
General introduction to citation practices
Source citation
This book covers the two most common citation forms: notes-bibliography style, or simply notes style (used widely in the humanities and in some social sciences), and author-date style (used in most social sciences and in the natural and physical sciences). (Together, these two styles are often referred to as the Turabian or Chicago systems of source citation.) If you are not certain which style to use, consult your instructor.
You may be asked to use different styles in different settings (for example, an art history course and a political science course). Within a given paper, however, always follow a single style consistently.
If you are new to research, read this section for a brief description of how the two citation styles work. Then, if you are using notes style, read chapter 16 for an overview of this style, and refer to chapter 17 for detailed guidelines and examples that show how to cite most types of sources, including the ones you are most likely to consult. If you are using author-date style, the overview and detailed guidelines are in chapters 18 and 19, respectively.
15.3.1 Notes Style
In notes-style citations, you signal that you have used a source by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you quote it or refer to it:
By 1911, according to one expert, an Amazon was “any woman rebel—which, to a lot of people, meant any girl who left home and went to college.”1
You then cite the source of that quotation in a correspondingly numbered note that provides information about the source (author, title, and facts of publication) plus relevant page numbers. Notes are placed at the bottom of the page (called footnotes) or in a list collected at the end of your paper or the end of each chapter (called endnotes). All notes have the same general form:
N:
1. 1. Jill Lepore, The Secret History of Wonder Woman (New York: Vintage Books, 2015), 17.
If you cite the same text again, you can shorten subsequent notes:
N:
1. 2. Lepore, Wonder Woman, 28—29.
In most cases, you also list sources at the end of the paper in a bibliography. That list normally includes every source you cited in a note and sometimes others you consulted but did not cite. Each bibliography entry includes the same information contained in a full note, but in a slightly different form:
B:
✵ Lepore, Jill. The Secret History of Wonder Woman. New York: Vintage Books, 2015.
15.3.2 Author-Date Style
In author-date citations, you signal that you have used a source by placing a parenthetical citation (including author, date, and relevant page numbers) next to your reference to it:
By 1911, according to one expert, an Amazon was “any woman rebel—which, to a lot of people, meant any girl who left home and went to college” (Lepore 2015, 17).
At the end of the paper, you list all sources in a reference list. That list normally includes every source you cited in a parenthetical citation and sometimes others you consulted but did not cite. Each reference list entry includes complete bibliographical information for a source. The publication date immediately follows the name of the author, making it easy to follow a parenthetical citation to its corresponding entry in the reference list:
R:
✵ Lepore, Jill. 2015. The Secret History of Wonder Woman. New York: Vintage Books.