A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018
Basic patterns
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Source citation
16.1 Basic Patterns
16.1.1 Order of Elements
16.1.2 Punctuation
16.1.3 Capitalization
16.1.4 Italics and Quotation Marks
16.1.5 Numbers
16.1.6 Abbreviations
16.1.7 Indentation
16.2 Bibliographies
16.2.1 Types of Bibliographies
16.2.2 Arrangement of Entries
16.2.3 Sources That May Be Omitted
16.3 Notes
16.3.1 Footnotes versus Endnotes
16.3.2 Referencing Notes in Text
16.3.3 Numbering Notes
16.3.4 Formatting Notes
16.3.5 Complex Notes
16.4 Short Forms for Notes
16.4.1 Shortened Notes
16.4.2 Ibid.
16.4.3 Parenthetical Notes
A citation style used widely in the humanities and in some social sciences is the notes-bibliography style, or notes style for short (also known as Turabian or Chicago notes-bibliography or notes style). This chapter presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in notes style, including bibliography entries, full notes, shortened notes, and parenthetical notes. Examples of notes are identified with an N; examples of bibliography entries are identified with a B.
In notes style, you signal that you have used a source by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you quote or otherwise refer to that source:
According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between East and West.”1
You then cite the source of that information in a correspondingly numbered note that provides information about the source (author, title, and facts of publication) plus relevant page numbers. Notes are placed at the bottom of the page (called footnotes) or in a list collected at the end of your paper or the end of each chapter (called endnotes). All notes have the same general form:
N:
1. 1. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 92—93.
If you cite the same source again, you can refer to it in a shortened form:
N:
1. 2. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 383.
In most cases, you also list sources at the end of the paper in a bibliography. That list normally includes every source you cited in a note and sometimes others you consulted but did not cite. Each bibliography entry includes the same information contained in a full note, but in a slightly different form:
B:
✵ Cronon, William. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.
Readers expect you to follow all the rules for correctly citing your sources. These rules cover not only what data you must include and in what order but also punctuation, capitalization, italics, and so on. To get your citations exactly right, you must pay close attention to the kinds of details that few researchers can easily remember and that even the best citation management tools can help with only part of the way. Read this chapter for an overview. Then use chapter 17 to look up the details.
16.1 Basic Patterns
Although sources and their citations come in almost endless variety, you are likely to use only a few kinds. While you may need to look up details to cite some unusual sources, you can easily learn the basic patterns for the few kinds you will use most often. This will help you to record accurate and reliable bibliographical data quickly and efficiently as you do your research.
The rest of this section describes the basic patterns, and figure 16.1 provides templates for and examples of several common types of sources. Chapter 17 includes examples of a wide range of sources, including exceptions to the patterns discussed here.
Figure 16.1. Templates for notes and bibliography entries
The following templates show what elements should be included in what order when citing several common types of sources in notes (N) and bibliographies (B). They also show punctuation, capitalization of titles, and when to use italics or quotation marks. Gray shading shows abbreviations (or their spelled-out versions) and other terms as they would actually appear in a citation. ## stands in for footnote number. XX stands in for page number(s) actually cited, YY—YY for a full span of page numbers for an article or a chapter.
For further examples, explanations, and variations, see chapter 17. For templates of shortened note forms, see figure 16.2.
Books
1. Single Author or Editor
N:
##. Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX.
1. Angela Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance (New York: Scribner, 2016), 82.
B:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Duckworth, Angela. Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. New York: Scribner, 2016.
For a book with an editor instead of an author, adapt the pattern as follows:
N:
##. Editor’s First and Last Names, ed., Title of Book . . .
2. Gyan Prakash, ed., Noir Urbanisms . . .
B:
Editor’s Last Name, Editor’s First Name, ed. Title of Book . . .
Prakash, Gyan, ed. Noir Urbanisms . . .
For more than one editor, adapt the examples in template 2 and use eds.
2. Multiple Authors
For a book with two authors, use the following pattern:
N:
##. Author #1’s First and Last Names and Author #2’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX.
3. Susanne Y. P. Choi and Yinni Peng, Masculine Promise: Migration, Family, and Gender in China (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016), 111—12.
B:
Author #1’s Last Name, Author #1’s First Name, and Author #2’s First and Last Names. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Choi, Susanne Y. P., and Yinni Peng. Masculine Promise: Migration, Family, and Gender in China. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.
For a book with three authors, adapt the pattern as follows:
N:
##. Author #1’s First and Last Names, Author #2’s First and Last Names, and Author #3’s First and Last Names, Title of Book . . .
4. Karen White, Beatriz Williams, and Lauren Willig, The Forgotten Room . . .
B:
Author #1’s Last Name, Author #1’s First Name, Author #2’s First and Last Names, and Author #3’s First and Last Names. Title of Book . . .
White, Karen, Beatriz Williams, and Lauren Willig. The Forgotten Room . . .
For a book with four or more authors, adapt the note pattern only, as follows:
N:
##. Author #1’s First and Last Names et al., Title of Book . . .
5. Barry Eichengreen et al., The Korean Economy . . .
3. Author Plus Editor or Translator
For a book with an author plus an editor, use the following pattern:
N:
##. Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor’s First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX.
6. Jane Austen, Mansfield Park: An Annotated Edition, ed. Deidre Shauna Lynch (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016), 223—24.
If a book has more than one editor in addition to the author, use ed. (not eds.) in the note.
B:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edited by Editor’s First and Last Names. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park: An Annotated Edition. Edited by Deidre Shauna Lynch. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
If a book has a translator instead of an editor, substitute the words trans. and Translated by and the translator’s name for the editor data.
4. Edition Number
N:
##. Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, Edition Number ed. (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX.
7. Mary Kinzie, A Poet’s Guide to Poetry, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 83.
B:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition Number ed. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Kinzie, Mary. A Poet’s Guide to Poetry. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
5. Single Chapter in an Edited Book
N:
##. Chapter Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Chapter: Subtitle of Chapter,” in Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor’s First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX.
8. Kelly Gillespie, “Before the Commission: Ethnography as Public Testimony,” in If Truth Be Told: The Politics of Public Ethnography, ed. Didier Fassin (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017), 72.
B:
Chapter Author’s Last Name, Chapter Author’s First Name. “Title of Chapter: Subtitle of Chapter.” In Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, edited by Editor’s First and Last Names, YY—YY. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Gillespie, Kelly. “Before the Commission: Ethnography as Public Testimony.” In If Truth Be Told: The Politics of Public Ethnography, edited by Didier Fassin, 69—95. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.
Journal Articles
6. Journal Article—Basic Format
N:
##. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): XX.
9. Ben Mercer, “Specters of Fascism: The Rhetoric of Historical Analogy in 1968,” Journal of Modern History 88, no. 1 (March 2016): 98.
B:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): YY—YY.
Mercer, Ben. “Specters of Fascism: The Rhetoric of Historical Analogy in 1968.” Journal of Modern History 88, no. 1 (March 2016): 96—129.
For an article with multiple authors, follow the relevant pattern for authors’ names in template 2.
7. Journal Article Online
For a journal article consulted online, include a URL. For articles that include a DOI, form the URL by appending the DOI to https://doi.org/ rather than using the URL in your address bar. The DOI for the Fernandez article in the example below is 10.1086/685998.
N:
##. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): XX, URL.
10. Patricio A. Fernandez, “Practical Reasoning: Where the Action Is,” Ethics 126, no. 4 (July 2016): 872, https://doi.org/10.1086/685998.
B:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): YY—YY. URL.
Fernandez, Patricio A. “Practical Reasoning: Where the Action Is.” Ethics 126, no. 4 (July 2016): 869—900. https://doi.org/10.1086/685998.
See 15.4.1 for more details.
16.1.1 Order of Elements
The elements in notes and bibliography entries follow the same general order for all types of sources: author, title, facts of publication. However, notes present authors’ names in standard order (first name first), while bibliography entries present them in inverted order (last name first) for alphabetical listing. Notes citing specific passages usually include page numbers or other locating information; bibliography entries do not, though they do include a full span of page numbers for a source that is part of a larger work, such as an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book.
16.1.2 Punctuation
In notes, separate most elements with commas; in bibliography entries, separate them with periods. In notes, enclose facts of publication in parentheses; in bibliography entries, do not. The styles are different because a note is intended to be read like text, where a period might signal the end of a citation. Bibliographies are designed as lists in which each source has its own entry, so periods can be used without confusion to separate such elements as author, title, and publication data.
16.1.3 Capitalization
Most titles can be capitalized using headline style. But for titles in languages other than English, use sentence style. (See 22.3.1 for both styles.) Capitalize proper nouns in the usual way (see chapter 22).
16.1.4 Italics and Quotation Marks
Use italics for titles of larger entities (books, journals); for titles of smaller entities (chapters, articles), use roman type and quotation marks. Also use roman type and quotation marks for titles of works that have not been formally published (such as manuscripts or dissertations), even if they are book length. See also 22.3.2.
16.1.5 Numbers
In titles, any numbers are spelled out or given in numerals exactly as they are in the original. Use lowercase roman numerals to refer to page numbers that are in roman numerals in the original. References to all other numbers (such as chapter numbers or figure numbers) are given in arabic numerals, even if in the original they are in roman numerals or spelled out.
16.1.6 Abbreviations
In notes, abbreviate terms such as editor or edited by (ed.) and translator or translated by (trans.). In bibliography entries, these terms are often spelled out when they introduce a name (Edited by) but abbreviated when they follow it (ed.). The plural of a noun form is usually formed by adding s (eds.) unless the abbreviation ends in an s (use trans. for both singular and plural). Abbreviations for edited by (ed.) and the like are never plural. Terms such as volume, edition, and number (vol., ed., and no.) are always abbreviated.
16.1.7 Indentation
Notes are indented like other paragraphs in the text: the first line of each note is indented, and anything that runs over to a new line is flush left. Bibliography entries have hanging indents: the first line of each entry is flush left, and anything that runs over is indented.