A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Bibliographies
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Source citation

Papers that use the notes-bibliography citation style typically include both notes and a bibliography that lists all sources cited in the notes. Although the same information appears in both notes and bibliography, readers need it in both places because they use notes and bibliographies differently. Notes let readers quickly check the source for a particular reference without disrupting the flow of their reading. A bibliography shows readers the extent of your research and its relationship to prior work. A bibliography also helps readers use your sources in their own research. So unless you have only a handful of sources or your instructor tells you otherwise, always include both notes and a bibliography in your papers. If you do not include a bibliography, make sure that your notes present complete information for each source, at least the first time you cite it.

16.2.1 Types of Bibliographies

In most cases, your bibliography should include every work you cite in your text. (For exceptions, see 16.2.3.) You may also include works that were important to your thinking but that you did not specifically mention in the text. Label this kind Bibliography or Sources Consulted. See figure A.15 in the appendix for a sample page of a bibliography.

There are other options:

✵ ▪ Selected bibliography. Some bibliographies do not include all works cited in notes, either to save space or to omit minor references unlikely to interest readers. You may use a selected bibliography if you have good reasons and your instructor or advisor approves. Label it Selected Bibliography and add a headnote that explains your principle of selection.

✵ ▪ Single-author bibliography. Some writers list works by one person, usually as a separate list in addition to a standard bibliography, but sometimes as the only bibliography in a single-author study with few other sources. Label such a list Works of [Author’s Name] or use a more descriptive title (Published Works of, Writings of, or whatever is appropriate). You can arrange it chronologically or alphabetically by title. If your list is chronological, titles published in the same year are listed alphabetically.

✵ ▪ Annotated bibliography. Some writers annotate each bibliography entry with a brief description of the work’s contents or relevance to their research. In most cases, if you annotate one entry you should annotate them all. But researchers sometimes annotate only the most important works or those whose relevance to their research may not be evident. If your annotations are brief phrases, add them in brackets after the publication data (note that there is no period within or after the bracketed entry):

B:

o Toulmin, Stephen. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958. [a seminal text describing argument in nonsymbolic language]

You may also add full-sentence annotations on a new line indented from the left margin:

B:

o Toulmin, Stephen. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958.

o This is the seminal text describing the structure of an argument in nonsymbolic language.

16.2.2 Arrangement of Entries

16.2.2.1 ALPHABETICAL BY AUTHOR. A bibliography is normally a single list of all sources arranged alphabetically by the last name of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry. (For alphabetizing names from languages other than English, compound names, and other special cases, see 16.2.2.2.) Most word processors and citation management tools can sort entries alphabetically. For all but the simplest of lists, however, the results will typically need some adjusting. If you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your department or university may specify that you should alphabetize the entries letter by letter or word by word; see 16.58—61 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017), for an explanation of these two systems.

If your bibliography includes two or more works written, edited, or translated by the same individual, arrange the entries alphabetically by title (ignoring articles such as a and the). For all entries after the first, replace the individual’s name with a long dash, called a 3-em dash (see 21.7.3). For edited or translated works, put a comma and the appropriate designation (ed., trans., or the like) after the dash. List all such works before any that the individual coauthored or coedited. Successive entries by two or more authors in which only the first author’s name is the same are alphabetized according to the coauthors’ last names. Note that it is best to make all these adjustments manually—after you have sorted your complete bibliography alphabetically by name.

B:

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. America behind the Color Line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner Books, 2004.

✵ ———. Black in Latin America. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

✵ ———, ed. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2002.

✵ ———. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

✵ ———. Tradition and the Black Atlantic: Critical Theory in the African Diaspora. New York: BasicCivitas, 2010.

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Cornel West. The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Country. New York: Free Press, 2000.

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Donald Yacovone. The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. Carlsbad, CA: SmileyBooks, 2013.

The same principles apply to works by a single group of authors named in the same order.

B:

✵ Marty, Martin E., and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Accounting for Fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.

✵ ———. The Glory and the Power: The Fundamentalist Challenge to the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.

✵ Marty, Martin E., and Micah Marty. When True Simplicity Is Gained: Finding Spiritual Clarity in a Complex World. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1998.

If a source does not have a named author or editor, alphabetize it based on the first element of the citation, generally a title. Ignore articles such as a and the.

B:

✵ Account of the Operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. 22 vols. Dehra Dun: Survey of India, 1870—1910.

✵ “The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.” Calcutta Review 38 (1863): 26—62.

✵ “State and Prospects of Asia.” Quarterly Review 63, no. 126 (March 1839): 369—402.

16.2.2.2 SPECIAL TYPES OF NAMES. Some authors’ names consist of more than a readily identifiable “first name” and “last name.” In many cases you can determine the correct order by consulting your library’s catalog. For historical names, the biographical entries at Merriam-Webster.com can be helpful. This section outlines some general principles for alphabetizing such names in your bibliography. In shortened or parenthetical notes, use the last name exactly as inverted (shown below in bold). If your paper involves names from languages other than English, follow the conventions for those languages.

✵ ▪ Compound names. Alphabetize compound last names, including hyphenated names, by the first part of the compound. If a woman uses both her own family name and her husband’s but does not hyphenate them, generally alphabetize by the second surname. While many languages have predictable patterns for compound names (see below), others—such as French and German—do not.

o Hine, Darlene Clark

o Kessler-Harris, Alice

o Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

o Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

✵ ▪ Names with particles. Depending on the language, particles such as de, di, D’, and van may or may not be considered the first part of a last name for alphabetizing. Consult one of the resources noted above if you are unsure about a particular name. Note that particles may be either lowercased or capitalized, and some are followed by an apostrophe.

o Beauvoir, Simone de

o de Gaulle, Charles

o di Leonardo, Micaela

o Kooning, Willem de

o Medici, Lorenzo de’

o Van Rensselaer, Stephen

✵ ▪ Names beginning with “Mac,” “Saint,” or “O’.” Names that begin with Mac, Saint, or O’ can have many variations in abbreviation (Mc, St.), spelling (Sainte, San), capitalization (Macmillan, McAllister), and hyphenation or apostrophes (O’Neill or Odell; Saint-Gaudens or St. Denis). Alphabetize all such names based on the letters actually present; do not group them because they are similar.

✵ ▪ Spanish names. Many Spanish last names are compound names consisting of an individual’s paternal and maternal family names, sometimes joined by the conjunction y. Alphabetize such names under the first part.

o Ortega y Gasset, José

o Sánchez Mendoza, Juana

✵ ▪ Arabic names. Alphabetize Arabic last names that begin with the particle al- or el- (the) under the element following the particle. Names that begin with Abu, Abd, and Ibn, like English names beginning with Mac or Saint, should be alphabetized under these terms.

o Abu Zafar Nadvi, Syed

o Hakim, Tawfiq al-

o Ibn Saud, Aziz

o Jamal, Muhammad Hamid al-

✵ ▪ Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names. If an author with a Chinese, Japanese, or Korean name follows traditional usage (family name followed by given name), do not invert the name or insert a comma between the “first” and “last” names. If the author follows Westernized usage (given name followed by family name), treat the name as you would an English name.

16.2.2.3 OTHER THAN ALPHABETICAL. Occasionally readers will find an order other than alphabetical more useful. Single-author bibliographies are often more usefully arranged chronologically, as are specialized listings such as newspaper articles, archival records, and so on. You may also find it useful to invent an order for a specific purpose—for example, a list of topographical maps arranged by state or region. If you do use an order other than alphabetical or chronological, explain your choice in a headnote.

16.2.2.4 CATEGORIZED LISTINGS. You may organize a longer bibliography into categories to help readers see related sources as a group. Common ways of categorizing longer bibliographies into sections include these:

✵ ▪ By format. You can create separate lists for manuscripts, archival collections, recordings, and so on.

✵ ▪ By primacy. You can separate primary sources from secondary and tertiary ones, as in a single-author bibliography.

✵ ▪ By field. You can group sources by field, either because your readers will have different interests (as in the bibliography to this book) or because you mix work from fields not usually combined. For example, a work on the theory and psychology of comic literature might categorize sources as follows: Theory of Comedy, Psychological Studies, Literary Criticism, Comic Works.

If you categorize sources, present them either in separate bibliographies or in a single bibliography divided into sections. Introduce each separate bibliography or section with a subheading and, if necessary, a headnote. In a single bibliography, use the same principle of order within each section (usually alphabetical), and do not list a source in more than one section unless it clearly could be categorized in two or more ways. If you use different principles of order, create separate bibliographies, each with its own explanatory heading.

16.2.3 Sources That May Be Omitted

By convention, you may omit the following types of sources from a bibliography:

✵ ▪ brief published items, such as abstracts (17.2.7), pamphlets and reports (17.7.3), and reviews of published works or performances (17.9.2)

✵ ▪ newspaper articles (see 17.4)

✵ ▪ blog posts and comments (17.5.2), postings to social media (17.5.3) or to online forums or mailing lists (17.5.4), and interviews and personal communications (17.6)

✵ ▪ individual documents in manuscript collections (17.7.4 and 17.7.5)

✵ ▪ classical, medieval, and early English literary works (17.8.1) and (in some cases) well-known English-language plays (17.10.4.2)

✵ ▪ the Bible and other sacred works (17.8.2)

✵ ▪ well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias (17.9.1)

✵ ▪ some sources in the visual and performing arts, including artworks (17.10.1) and live performances (17.10.2)

✵ ▪ the US Constitution (17.11.5), legal cases (17.11.7), and some other types of public documents (17.11.2.5)

You may choose to include in your bibliography a specific item from one of these categories that is critical to your argument or frequently cited.

If you use many such sources from a single larger entity—for example, several documents from a single manuscript collection—you may cite the larger entity, as discussed in the relevant sections of chapter 17.