A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Short forms for notes
Notes-bibliography style: the basic form
Source citation

In some fields, your instructor may expect you to give full bibliographical data in each note, but in most you can give a complete citation the first time you cite a work and a shortened one in subsequent notes. In a few fields, writers use a shortened form for all citations, with complete data listed only in the bibliography.

If you don’t know the practice common in your field, consult your local guidelines.

16.4.1 Shortened Notes

A shortened note should include enough information for readers to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier note. The two main choices are author-only notes and author-title notes. In some fields, writers use the author-title form for all shortened notes; in others, writers use the author-only form for most shortened notes, but the author-title form when they cite more than one work by the same author. (Unless your local guidelines specify otherwise, prefer the author-title form.) If a source does not have an author (or editor), you can use a title-only note. Figure 16.2 provides templates for each type of shortened note.

Figure 16.2. Templates for shortened notes

The following templates show what elements should be included in what order in the three types of shortened notes (see 16.4.1 for when to use each type). They also show punctuation, capitalization of titles, and typography of the elements. Gray shading shows terms as they would actually appear in a citation. ## stands in for note number; XX stands in for page numbers cited.

Author-Only Notes

1. Single Author

N:

##. Author’s Last Name, XX.

1. Duckworth, 88.

For a work cited by editor or translator instead of author (see 17.1.1), use the editor or translator in place of the author. Do not add ed. or trans., as in a full note.

N:

##. Editor’s or Translator’s Last Name, XX.

2. Prakash, 41—42.

If two or more authors have the same last name, distinguish them by adding first names or initials.

2. Two or Three Authors

N:

##. Author #1’s Last Name and Author #2’s Last Name, XX.

3. Choi and Peng, 140.

N:

##. Author #1’s Last Name, Author #2’s Last Name, and Author #3’s Last Name, XX.

4. White, Williams, and Willig, 122.

3. Four or More Authors

N: ##. Author #1’s Last Name et al., XX.

5. Eichengreen et al., 215.

Author-Title Notes

4. Books

N: ##. Author’s Last Name, Shortened Title, XX.

6. Duckworth, Grit, 88.

For books by more than one author, follow the pattern for authors’ names in templates 2 and 3.

5. Articles

N:

##. Author’s Last Name, “Shortened Title,” XX.

7. Fernandez, “Practical Reasoning,” 880—81.

For articles by more than one author, follow the pattern for authors’ names in templates 2 and 3.

Title-Only Notes

6. Books without an Author

N:

##. Shortened Title, XX.

8. Account of Operations, 252.

7. Articles without an Author

N:

##. “Shortened Title,” XX.

9. “Great Trigonometrical Survey,” 26—27.

An author-only note includes the author’s last name and page numbers (or other locator), separated by a comma and followed by a period. If the work has an editor rather than an author, use the editor’s last name but do not add ed. An author-title note adds a shortened title composed of up to four distinctive words from the full title. Use a comma to separate the author and the shortened title, and put the title in italics or quotation marks as you would in a full note.

N:

1. 1. Dana Velasco Murillo, Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas, Mexico, 1546—1810 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016), 140.

2. 2. Velasco Murillo, Urban Indians, 142.

or

1. 2. Velasco Murillo, 142.

2. 3. Charles W. Collier, “The Death of Gun Control: An American Tragedy,” Critical Inquiry 41, no. 1 (2014): 102.

3. 4. Collier, “Gun Control,” 127—28.

or

1. 4. Collier, 127—28.

2. 5. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, “Remaking History: Barack Obama, Political Cartoons, and the Civil Rights Movement,” in Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement, ed. Emilye Crosby (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 260.

3. 6. Jeffries, “Remaking History,” 261—62.

or

1. 6. Jeffries, 261—62.

For multiple authors or editors, list the last names in the same order in which they appear in a full note.

N:

1. 7. Ellen G. Friedman and Miriam Fuchs, eds., Breaking the Sequence: Women’s Experimental Fiction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 312.

2. 8. Friedman and Fuchs, Women’s Experimental Fiction, 320.

or

1. 8. Friedman and Fuchs, 320.

16.4.2 Ibid.

At one time, writers shortened citations in notes by using Latin terms and abbreviations: idem, “the same”; op. cit., for opere citato, “in the work cited”; and loc. cit., for loco citato, “in the place cited.” This practice has fallen out of favor, so avoid all Latin citation terms except one—ibid., from ibidem or “in the same place.” Some writers still use ibid. to shorten a citation to a work cited in the immediately preceding note.

N:

1. 1. Buchan, Advice to Mothers, 71.

2. 2. Ibid., 95.

3. 3. Ibid.

In notes, ibid. should not be italicized; at the start of a note, it should be capitalized. Since ibid. is an abbreviation, it must end with a period; if the citation includes a page number, put a comma after ibid. If the page number of a reference is the same as in the previous note, do not include a page number after ibid. Do not use ibid. after a note that contains more than one citation, and avoid using ibid. to refer to footnotes that do not appear on the same page.

Unless your local guidelines require the use of ibid., you may instead use one of the shortened forms discussed in 16.4.1 to refer to an immediately preceding note.

16.4.3 Parenthetical Notes

16.4.3.1 PARENTHETICAL NOTES VERSUS FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES. You may want to use parenthetical notes if you are discussing a particular work at length and need to cite it frequently. Such in-text references can make your text easier to follow. The first time you cite the work, provide full bibliographical data in a footnote or endnote; for subsequent references, use parenthetical notes instead of shortened notes (see 16.4.1). For examples, see 16.4.3.2.

You may also use parenthetical notes for certain types of sources that readers can identify with only a few elements, such as a newspaper article (see 17.4), a legal case (17.11.7), an older literary work (17.8.1), a biblical or other sacred work (17.8.2), or a source in the visual and performing arts (17.10). These sources can often be omitted from your bibliography (see 16.2.3).

In studies of language and literature, parenthetical notes have generally replaced footnotes or endnotes for most source citations, including the first reference to each work.

16.4.3.2 FORMATTING PARENTHETICAL NOTES. Insert a parenthetical note where you would place a reference number for a note: at the end of a quotation, sentence, or clause. The note comes before rather than after any comma, period, or other punctuation mark when the quotation is run into the text. With a block quotation, the note follows the terminal punctuation mark (not shown here; see 25.2.2.1 for an example).

The fullest parenthetical note includes the same information as the author-title form of a shortened note, with the elements separated by commas. (Note that both the elements and the punctuation are slightly different from those used in parenthetical citations in author-date style, described in chapters 18 and 19; do not confuse or combine the two styles.)

“What on introspection seems to happen immediately and without effort is often a complex symphony of processes that take time to complete” (LeDoux, Synaptic Self, 116).

According to one expert, the norms of friendship are different in the workplace (Little, “Norms of Collegiality,” 330).

For most types of sources, you will have three additional options for shortening parenthetical notes, as follows:

✵ ▪ Page numbers only. You may include in the parentheses only the page number(s) or other locator if readers can readily identify the specific source from your text, either because it is a main object of your study (as in the first example below referring to a particular edition of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin) or because you mention the author or title in your text. Either way, you must provide full bibliographic information elsewhere.

“Poor John!” interposes Stowe’s narrative voice, “It was rather natural; and the tears that fell, as he spoke, came as naturally as if he had been a white man” (169).

Ernst Cassirer notes this in Language and Myth (59—60).

✵ ▪ Author and page number. You should include the author and page number(s) or other locator if readers cannot readily identify the source from your text, as long as you cite only one work by that author.

While one school claims that “material culture may be the most objective source of information we have concerning America’s past” (Deetz, 259), others disagree.

✵ ▪ Title and page number. You should include a shortened title and page number(s) or other locator if readers can readily identify the author from your text but you cite more than one work by that author.

According to Furet, “the Second World War completed what the First had begun—the domination of the great political religions over European public opinion” (Passing of an Illusion, 360).

If you cite a work often, you can abbreviate the title. If the abbreviation is not obvious, you may specify it in the note for its first citation. (If you use more than five such abbreviations in your citations, list them in a separate section of your paper; see A.2.1.11.)

N:

1. 1. François Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, trans. Deborah Furet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 368 (cited in text as PI).

According to Furet, “the Second World War completed what the First had begun—the domination of the great political religions over European public opinion” (PI, 360).

For newspaper articles and other types of sources in which author, title, and page number are not the key identifying elements (see 16.4.3.1 and the relevant sections of chapter 17), modify the parenthetical note style as needed. For an example, see 17.4.3.