Books - Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources - Source citation

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Books
Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources
Source citation

17.1 Books

17.1.1 Author’s Name

17.1.2 Title

17.1.3 Edition

17.1.4 Volume

17.1.5 Series

17.1.6 Facts of Publication

17.1.7 Page Numbers and Other Locators

17.1.8 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book

17.1.9 Letters and Other Communications in Published Collections

17.1.10 Electronic Books

17.2 Journal Articles

17.2.1 Author’s Name

17.2.2 Article Title

17.2.3 Journal Title

17.2.4 Issue Information

17.2.5 Page Numbers

17.2.6 Special Issues and Supplements

17.2.7 Abstracts

17.3 Magazine Articles

17.4 Newspaper Articles

17.4.1 Name of Newspaper

17.4.2 Citing Newspapers in Notes

17.4.3 Citing Newspapers in Text

17.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media

17.5.1 Website Content

17.5.2 Blog Posts

17.5.3 Social Media

17.5.4 Online Forums and Mailing Lists

17.6 Interviews and Personal Communications

17.6.1 Interviews

17.6.2 Personal Communications

17.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections

17.7.1 Theses and Dissertations

17.7.2 Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings

17.7.3 Pamphlets and Reports

17.7.4 Manuscript Collections

17.7.5 Online Collections

17.8 Older Works and Sacred Works

17.8.1 Classical, Medieval, and Early English Literary Works

17.8.2 The Bible and Other Sacred Works

17.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations

17.9.1 Reference Works

17.9.2 Reviews

17.9.3 One Source Quoted in Another

17.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts

17.10.1 Artworks and Graphics

17.10.2 Live Performances

17.10.3 Multimedia

17.10.4 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts

17.11 Public Documents

17.11.1 Elements to Include, Their Order, and How to Format Them

17.11.2 Congressional Publications

17.11.3 Presidential Publications

17.11.4 Publications of Government Departments and Agencies

17.11.5 US Constitution

17.11.6 Treaties

17.11.7 Legal Cases

17.11.8 State and Local Government Documents

17.11.9 Canadian Government Documents

17.11.10 British Government Documents

17.11.11 Publications of International Bodies

17.11.12 Unpublished Government Documents

Chapter 16 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the notes-bibliography style, including bibliography entries, full notes, shortened notes, and parenthetical notes. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.

This chapter provides detailed information on the form of notes and bibliography entries for a wide range of sources. It starts with the most commonly cited sources—books and journal articles—before addressing a wide variety of other sources. The sections on books (17.1) and journal articles (17.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors’ names and titles of works in greater depth than sections on less common sources.

Examples of sources consulted online are included alongside most other types of examples. Electronic book formats are discussed at 17.1.10. For some general considerations, especially if you are new to research, see 15.4. For tips related to citation management tools, see 15.6.

Examples of notes are identified with an N and bibliography entries with a B. In some cases, the examples show the same work cited in both forms to illustrate the similarities and differences between them; in other cases, they show different works to illustrate variations in elements even within a specific type of source. For shortened forms of notes, see 16.4.

If you cannot find an example in this chapter, consult chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations as long as you apply them consistently.

17.1 Books

Citations of books may include a wide range of elements. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.

17.1.1 Author’s Name

Give the name of each author (and editor, translator, or other contributor) exactly as it appears on the title page, and in the same order. If a name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1). For multiple authors, see figure 16.1.

In notes, list authors’ names in standard order (first name first):

N:

1. 1. Ankhi Mukherjee, What Is a Classic? Postcolonial Rewriting and Invention of the Canon (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013), 184—85.

2. 2. G. J. Barker-Benfield, Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 499.

3. 3. Donald R. Kinder and Allison Dale-Riddle, The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 47.

In bibliography entries, put the first-listed author’s name in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in 16.2.2.2. Names of any additional authors should follow but should not be inverted.

B:

✵ Barker-Benfield, G. J. Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

✵ Kinder, Donald R., and Allison Dale-Riddle. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.

✵ Mukherjee, Ankhi. What Is a Classic? Postcolonial Rewriting and Invention of the Canon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.

17.1.1.1 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author’s name as described above. Add the editor or translator’s name after the book’s title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original. If the author’s name appears in the title, you may omit it from the note but not from the bibliography entry.

In notes, insert the abbreviation ed. (never eds., since in this context it means “edited by” rather than “editor”) or trans. before the editor’s or translator’s name.

N:

1. 1. Elizabeth I, Collected Works, ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 102—4.

2. 2. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Science of Logic, ed. and trans. George di Giovanni (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 642—43.

3. 3. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature, ed. Daniel Balderston, trans. Susan E. Benner (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 189.

In bibliography entries, insert the phrase Edited by or Translated by before the editor’s or translator’s name.

B:

✵ Elizabeth I. Collected Works. Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

✵ Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Science of Logic. Edited and translated by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

✵ Jitrik, Noé. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature. Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.

When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to edited by or translated by and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 17.1.8).

17.1.1.2 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book’s title page instead of an author, use that person’s name in the author’s slot. Treat it as you would an author’s name (see the beginning of this section), but add the abbreviation ed. or trans. following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, use eds. or trans. (singular and plural) and follow the principles for multiple authors shown in figure 16.1.

N:

1. 1. Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 55.

2. 2. María del Mar Logroño Narbona, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds., Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), 140—41.

B:

✵ Heaney, Seamus, trans. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.

✵ Logroño Narbona, María del Mar, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds. Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.

17.1.1.3 ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author’s name on the title page, list the organization itself as author in the bibliography, even if it is also given as publisher. For public documents, see 17.11.

B:

✵ American Bar Association. The 2016 Federal Rules Book. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2016.

✵ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.

17.1.1.4 PSEUDONYM. Treat a widely recognized pseudonym as if it were the author’s real name. If the name listed as the author’s is known to be a pseudonym but the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym.

N:

1. 1. Mark Twain, The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1899), 34.

B:

✵ Centinel [pseud.]. “Letters.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

17.1.1.5 ANONYMOUS AUTHOR. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book’s title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark if there is uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name (but see below), and begin the note or bibliography entry with the title.

N:

1. 1. [James Hawkes?], A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, by a Citizen of New-York (New-York, 1834), 128—29.

2. 2. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610), 17.

B:

✵ [Hawkes, James?]. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes. By a Citizen of New-York. New-York, 1834.

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London, 1610.

If the author is explicitly listed as “Anonymous” on the title page, cite the book accordingly.

B:

✵ Anonymous. The Secret Lives of Teachers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

17.1.2 Title

List complete book titles and subtitles. Italicize both, and separate the title from the subtitle with a colon. (In the rare case of two subtitles, either follow the punctuation in the original or use a colon before the first and a semicolon before the second.)

N:

1. 1. Philip Marsden, Rising Ground: A Search for the Spirit of Place (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 113—14.

Capitalize most titles and subtitles headline-style; that is, capitalize the first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all major words. For titles in languages other than English, use sentence-style capitalization—that is, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns or other terms that would be capitalized under the conventions of the original language (in some Romance languages, proper adjectives and some proper nouns are not capitalized). (See 22.3.1 for a more detailed discussion of the two styles.)

(headline style) How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians

(sentence style) A quoi rêvent les algorithmes: Nos vies à l’heure des big data

Preserve the spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation of the original title, with two exceptions: change words in full capitals (except for initialisms or acronyms; see chapter 24) to upper- and lowercase, and change an ampersand (&) to and. Spell out numbers or give them as numerals according to the original (Twelfth Century or 12th Century) unless there is a good reason to make them consistent with other titles in the list.

For titles of chapters and other parts of a book, see 17.1.8.

17.1.2.1 SPECIAL ELEMENTS IN TITLES. Several elements in titles require special treatment.

✵ ▪ Dates. Use a comma to set off dates at the end of a title or subtitle, even if there is no punctuation in the original source. But if the source introduces the dates with a preposition (for example, “from 1920 to 1945”) or a colon, do not add a comma.

N:

1. 1. Romain Hayes, Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence, and Propaganda, 1941—43 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 151—52.

B:

2. Sorenson, John L., and Carl L. Johannessen. World Trade and Biological Exchanges before 1492. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2009.

✵ ▪ Titles within titles. When the title of a work that would normally be italicized appears within the italicized title of another, enclose the quoted title in quotation marks. (If the title-within-a-title would normally be enclosed in quotation marks, keep the quotation marks.)

N:

1. 2. Elisabeth Ladenson, Dirt for Art’s Sake: Books on Trial from “Madame Bovary” to “Lolita” (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007), 17.

B:

2. McHugh, Roland. Annotations to “Finnegans Wake.” 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

However, when the entire main title of a book consists of a title within a title, do not add quotation marks (but keep any quotation marks used in the source).

N:

3. 3. Alan Light, Let’s Go Crazy: Prince and the Making of “Purple Rain” (New York: Atria Books, 2014), 88.

B:

4. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray: An Annotated, Uncensored Edition. Edited by Nicholas Frankel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

✵ ▪ Italicized terms. When an italicized title includes terms normally italicized in text, such as species names or names of ships, set the terms in roman type.

N:

1. 4. T. Hugh Pennington, When Food Kills: BSE, E. coli, and Disaster Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 15.

B:

2. Lech, Raymond B. The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy’s Worst Disaster at Sea. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001.

✵ ▪ Question marks and exclamation points. When a title or a subtitle ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, no other punctuation normally follows. One exception: if the title would normally be followed by a comma, as in a shortened note (see 16.4.1), keep the comma. See also 21.12.1.

N:

1. 5. Jafari S. Allen, ¡Venceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 210—11.

2. 6. Allen, ¡Venceremos?, 212.

B:

3. Wolpert, Stanley. India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

17.1.2.2 OLDER TITLES. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the original punctuation and spelling. Also retain the original capitalization, even if it does not follow headline style. Words in all capital letters, however, should be given in upper- and lowercase. If the title is very long, you may shorten it, but provide enough information for readers to find the full title in a library or publisher’s catalog. Indicate omissions in such titles by three ellipsis dots. Put the dots in square brackets to show that they are not part of the original title. (Square brackets are also used in the first example to show that the place of publication is known but did not appear with the source.) If the omission comes at the end of a title in a bibliography entry, add a period after the bracketed dots.

N:

1. 1. John Ray, Observations Topographical, Moral, and Physiological: Made in a Journey Through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy, and France: with A Catalogue of Plants not Native of England [ . . . ] Whereunto is added A Brief Account of Francis Willughby, Esq., his Voyage through a great part of Spain ([London], 1673), 15.

B:

✵ Escalante, Bernardino. A Discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe make to the Realmes and Provinces of the East Partes of the Worlde [ . . . ]. Translated by John Frampton. London, 1579.

17.1.2.3 NON-ENGLISH TITLES. Use sentence-style capitalization for non-English titles, following the capitalization principles for proper nouns and other terms within the relevant language. If you are unfamiliar with these principles, consult a reliable source.

N:

1. 1. José Reveles, Échale la culpa a la heroína: De Iguala a Chicago (New York: Vintage Español, 2016), 94.

2. 2. Ljiljana Piletić Stojanović, ed. Gutfreund i češki kubizam (Belgrade: Muzej savremene umetnosti, 1971), 54—55.

B:

✵ Kelek, Necla. Die fremde Braut: Ein Bericht aus dem Inneren des türkischen Lebens in Deutschland. Munich: Goldmann Verlag, 2006.

If you add the English translation of a title, place it after the original. Enclose it in brackets, without italics or quotation marks, and capitalize it sentence-style.

N:

1. 3. Henryk Wereszycki, Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’ League] (Warsaw: PWN, 1977), 5.

B:

✵ Yu Guoming. Zhongguo chuan mei fa zhan qian yan tan suo [New perspectives on news and communication]. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she, 2011.

If you need to cite both the original and a translation, use one of the following forms, depending on whether you want to focus readers on the original or the translation.

B:

✵ Furet, François. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995. Translated by Deborah Furet as The Passing of an Illusion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

or

✵ Furet, François. The Passing of an Illusion. Translated by Deborah Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Originally published as Le passé d’une illusion (Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995).

17.1.3 Edition

Some works are published in more than one edition. Each edition differs in content or format or both. Always include information about the edition you actually consulted (unless it is a first edition, which is usually not labeled as such).

17.1.3.1 REVISED EDITIONS. When a book is reissued with significant content changes, it may be called a “revised” edition or a “second” (or subsequent) edition. This information usually appears on the book’s title page and is repeated, along with the date of the edition, on the copyright page.

When you cite an edition other than the first, include the number or description of the edition after the title. Abbreviate such wording as “Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged” as 2nd ed.; abbreviate “Revised Edition” as rev. ed. Include the publication date only of the edition you are citing, not of any previous editions (see 17.1.6).

N:

1. 1. Paul J. Bolt, Damon V. Coletta, and Collins G. Shackelford Jr., eds., American Defense Policy, 8th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 157—58.

B:

✵ Foley, Douglas E. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

✵ Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Rev. ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

17.1.3.2 REPRINT EDITIONS. Many books are reissued or published in more than one format—for example, in a paperback edition (by the original publisher or a different publisher) or in electronic form (see 17.1.10). Always record the facts of publication for the version you consulted. If the edition you consulted was published more than a year or two after the original edition or is a modern printing of a classic work, you may include the publication dates of both the original and the edition you are citing (see 17.1.6.3).

N:

1. 1. Randall Jarrell, Pictures from an Institution: A Comedy (1954; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 79—80.

B:

✵ Dickens, Charles. Pictures from Italy. 1846. Reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

17.1.4 Volume

If a book is part of a multivolume work, include this information in your citations.

17.1.4.1 SPECIFIC VOLUME. To cite a specific volume that carries its own title, list the title for the multivolume work as a whole, followed by the volume number and title of the specific volume. Give the publication date of the individual volume. Abbreviate vol. and use arabic numbers for volume numbers.

N:

1. 1. Hamid Naficy, A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 4, The Globalizing Era, 1984—2010 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), 44.

B:

✵ Naficy, Hamid. A Social History of Iranian Cinema. Vol. 4, The Globalizing Era, 1984—2010. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.

If the volumes are not individually titled, list each volume that you cite in the bibliography (see also 17.1.4.2). In a note, put the specific volume number (without vol.) immediately before the page number, separated by a colon and no intervening space.

N:

1. 2. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 4:243.

B:

✵ Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. The Lisle Letters. Vols. 1 and 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Some multivolume works have both a general editor and editors or authors for each volume. When citing a specific volume in such a work, include information about the volume editor(s) or author(s) (see 17.1.1) as well as information about the editor(s) of the multivolume work as a whole. The example from The History of Cartography shows not only how to cite an individual contribution to such a work (see 17.1.9) but also how to cite a volume published in more than one physical part (vol. 2, bk. 3). The examples from The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. show how to cite a specific volume under the editor(s) of the work as a whole (useful when citing more than one volume from the same work; see also 17.1.4.2) or under the editor(s) of an individual volume.

N:

1. 3. Barbara E. Mundy, “Mesoamerican Cartography,” in The History of Cartography, ed. J. Brian Harley and David Woodward, vol. 2, bk. 3, Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 233.

B:

✵ Carson, Clayborne, ed. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Vol. 7, To Save the Soul of America, January 1961—August 1962, edited by Tenisha Armstrong. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.

or

✵ Armstrong, Tenisha, ed. To Save the Soul of America, January 1961—August 1962. Vol. 7 of The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., edited by Clayborne Carson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992—.

17.1.4.2 MULTIVOLUME WORK AS A WHOLE. To cite a multivolume work as a whole, give the title, the total number of volumes, and, if the volumes have been published over several years, the full span of publication dates.

B:

✵ Aristotle. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.

✵ Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951—63.

For works that include individual volume titles or volume editors (see 17.1.4.1), it is usually best to cite the volumes individually.

17.1.5 Series

If a book belongs to a series, you may choose to include information about the series to help readers locate the source and understand the context in which it was published. Place the series information after the title (and any volume or edition number or editor’s name) and before the facts of publication.

Put the series title in roman type with headline-style capitalization, omitting any initial The. If the volumes in the series are numbered, include the number of the work cited following the series title. The name of the series editor is often omitted, but you may include it after the series title. If you include both an editor and a volume number, the number is preceded by vol.

N:

1. 1. Blake M. Hausman, Riding the Trail of Tears, Native Storiers: A Series of American Narratives (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 25.

B:

✵ Lunning, Frenchy, ed. World Renewal. Mechademia 10. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

✵ Stein, Gertrude. Selections. Edited by Joan Retallack. Poets for the Millennium, edited by Pierre Joris and Jerome Rothenberg, vol. 6. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.

17.1.6 Facts of Publication

The facts of publication usually include three elements: the place (city) of publication, the publisher’s name, and the date (year) of publication. In notes these elements are enclosed in parentheses; in bibliography entries they are not.

N:

1. 1. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015), 122—23.

B:

✵ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Between the World and Me. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015.

For books published before the twentieth century, you may omit the publisher’s name.

N:

1. 2. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, 1871), 1:16—17.

B:

✵ Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. London, 1871.

17.1.6.1 PLACE OF PUBLICATION. The place of publication is the city where the book publisher’s main editorial offices are located. If you do not see it listed on the title page, look for it on the copyright page instead. Where two or more cities are given (“Chicago and London,” for example), include only the first.

✵ Los Angeles: Getty Publications

✵ New York: Columbia University Press

If the city of publication might be unknown to readers or confused with another city of the same name, add the abbreviation of the state (see 24.3.1), province, or (if necessary) country. When the publisher’s name includes the state name, no state abbreviation is needed.

✵ Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press

✵ Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books

✵ Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

✵ Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Prefer current, commonly used English names for cities whenever such forms exist. (When in doubt about which form to use, record the name of the city as it appears with the source.)

✵ Belgrade (not Beograd)

✵ Milan (not Milano)

When the place of publication is not known (an uncommon occurrence for older works, which typically specify a city of publication), you may use the abbreviation n.p. in a note (or N.p. in a bibliography entry) before the publisher’s name. If the place can be guessed, include it in brackets and add a question mark to indicate uncertainty.

✵ (n.p.: Windsor, 1910)

✵ [Lake Bluff, IL?]: Vliet and Edwards, 1920

It is common for books published more recently through modern self-publishing platforms not to list a place of publication. If you cite such a source, the place of publication can usually be omitted (see 17.1.6.2 for an example).

17.1.6.2 PUBLISHER’S NAME. Give the publisher’s name for each book exactly as it appears on the title page, even if you know that the name has since changed or appears in a different form for other books in your bibliography.

✵ Harcourt Brace and World

✵ Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

✵ Harcourt, Brace

You may, however, omit an initial The and such abbreviations as Inc., Ltd., S.A., Co., & Co., and Publishing Co. (and the spelled-out forms of such corporate abbreviations).

✵ University of Texas Press

instead of

✵ The University of Texas Press

✵ Houghton Mifflin

instead of

✵ Houghton Mifflin Co.

✵ Little, Brown

instead of

✵ Little, Brown & Co.

For non-English publishers, do not translate or abbreviate any part of the publisher’s name, but give the city name in its English form (as noted in 17.1.6.1). When the publisher is unknown, use just the place (if known) and date of publication. If a book has been self-published, however, this fact may be noted (see also 17.1.6.1).

B:

✵ Albin, Eleazar. A Natural History of Birds: Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Engraven from the Life. London: printed by the author, 1738.

✵ Rai, Alisha. Serving Pleasure. Self-published, CreateSpace, 2015.

17.1.6.3 DATE OF PUBLICATION. The publication date for a book consists only of a year, not a month or day, and is usually identical to the copyright date. It generally appears on the copyright page and sometimes on the title page.

Revised editions and reprints may include more than one copyright date. In this case, the most recent indicates the publication date—for example, 2017 in the string “© 2003, 2010, 2017.” See 17.1.3 for citing publication dates in such works.

If you cannot determine the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation n.d. in place of the year. If no date is provided but you believe you know it, you may add it in brackets, with a question mark to indicate uncertainty.

B:

✵ Agnew, John. A Book of Virtues. Edinburgh, n.d.

✵ Miller, Samuel. Another Book of Virtues. Boston, [1750?].

If a book is under contract with a publisher and is already titled but the date of publication is not yet known, use forthcoming in place of the date. Treat any book not yet under contract as an unpublished manuscript (see 17.7.4).

N:

1. 1. Jane Q. Author, Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, forthcoming).

17.1.7 Page Numbers and Other Locators

Page numbers and other information used to identify the location of a cited passage or element generally appear in notes but not in bibliographies. One exception: if you cite a chapter or other section of a book in a bibliography, give the page range for that chapter or section (see 17.1.8 for examples).

For guidelines on expressing a span of numbers, see 23.2.4. For page numbers and other locators in e-book formats, see 17.1.10.

17.1.7.1 PAGE, CHAPTER, AND DIVISION NUMBERS. The locator is usually the last item in a note. Before page numbers, the word page or the abbreviation p. or pp. is generally omitted. Use arabic numbers except for pages numbered with roman numerals in the original.

N:

1. 1. Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 145—46.

2. 2. Jacqueline Jones, preface to the new edition of Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2010), xiv—xv.

Sometimes you may want to refer to a full chapter (abbreviated chap.), part (pt.), book (bk.), or section (sec.) instead of a span of page numbers.

N:

1. 3. Srikant M. Datar, David A. Garvin, and Patrick G. Cullen, Rethinking the MBA: Business Education at a Crossroads (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2010), pt. 2.

Some books printed before 1800 do not carry page numbers but are divided into signatures and then into leaves or folios, each with a front side (recto, or r) and a back side (verso, or v). To cite such pages, include the relevant string of numbers and identifiers, run together without spaces or italics: for example, G6v, 176r, 232r—v, or (if you are citing entire folios) fol. 49.

17.1.7.2 OTHER TYPES OF LOCATORS. Sometimes you will want to cite a specific note, a figure or table, or a numbered line (as in some works of poetry).

✵ ▪ Note numbers. Use the abbreviation n (plural nn) to cite notes. If the note cited is the only footnote on its page or is an unnumbered footnote, add n after the page number (with no intervening space or punctuation). If there are other footnotes or endnotes on the same page as the note cited, list the page number followed by n or (if two or more consecutive notes are cited) nn and the note number(s).

N:

1. 1. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 72n.

2. 2. Dwight Bolinger, Language: The Loaded Weapon (London: Longman, 1980), 192n23, 192n30, 199n14, 201nn16—17.

✵ ▪ Illustration and table numbers. Use the abbreviation fig. for figure, but spell out table, map, plate, and names of other types of illustrations. Give the page number before the illustration number.

N:

1. 3. Richard Sobel, Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3.

✵ ▪ Line numbers. For poetry and other works best identified by line number, avoid the abbreviations l. (line) and ll. (lines); they are too easily confused with the numerals 1 and 11. Use line or lines, or use numbers alone where you have made it clear that you are referring to lines.

N:

1. 4. Ogden Nash, “Song for Ditherers,” lines 1—4.

17.1.8 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book

In most cases you can cite the main title of any book that offers a continuous argument, narrative, or theme, even if you actually use only a section of it. But sometimes you will want to cite an independent essay or chapter if that is the part most relevant to your research. By doing so, you help readers see how the source fits into your project.

B:

✵ Nishizaki, Yoshinori. “Big Is Good: The Banharn-Jaemsai Observatory Tower in Suphanburi.” In A Sarong for Clio: Essays on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Thailand—Inspired by Craig J. Reynolds, edited by Maurizio Peleggi, 143—62. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.

instead of

✵ Peleggi, Maurizio, ed. A Sarong for Clio: Essays on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Thailand—Inspired by Craig J. Reynolds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.

17.1.8.1 PARTS OF SINGLE-AUTHOR BOOKS. If you cite a chapter or other titled part of a single-author book, include the title of the part first, in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the designation in, give the book title. In a bibliography entry, include the full span of page numbers for that part following the book title; in a note, give the page number(s) for a specific reference as you would for any other quotation.

N:

1. 1. Roxane Gay, “The Careless Language of Sexual Violence,” in Bad Feminist (New York: Harper Perennial, 2014), 130.

B:

✵ Gay, Roxane. “The Careless Language of Sexual Violence.” In Bad Feminist, 128—36. New York: Harper Perennial, 2014.

If you cite a part with a generic title such as introduction, preface, or afterword, add that term before the title of the book in roman type without quotation marks. If the part is written by someone other than the main author of the book, give the part author’s name first and the book author’s name after the title.

N:

1. 2. Grant H. Kester, preface to the 2013 edition of Conversation Pieces: Community and Communication in Modern Art, updated ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), xii.

2. 3. Craig Calhoun, foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), xii.

If the author of the generic part is the same as the author of the book, cite the book as a whole in the bibliography, not just the part.

B:

✵ Calhoun, Craig. Foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood, ix—xv. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

✵ Kester, Grant H. Conversation Pieces: Community and Communication in Modern Art. Updated ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.

17.1.8.2 PARTS OF EDITED COLLECTIONS. If you cite part of an edited collection with contributions by multiple authors, list the part author and title (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks) first. After the designation in, give the book title and the name of the editor. In a bibliography entry, include the full span of page numbers for that part following the book title; in a note, give the page number(s) for a specific reference as you would for any other quotation.

N:

1. 1. Cameron Binkley, “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900—1925,” in California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, ed. Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 155.

B:

✵ Binkley, Cameron. “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900—1925.” In California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, edited by Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson, 151—74. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.

If you cite two or more contributions to the same edited collection, you may use one of the space-saving shortened forms discussed in 16.4.1. The first time you cite any part from the book in a note, give full bibliographical information about both the part and the book as a whole. Thereafter, if you cite another part from the book, provide the full author’s name and title of the part, but give the information about the book in shortened form. Subsequent notes for individual parts follow one of the shortened note forms (author-only, shown here, or author-title).

N:

1. 2. Robert Bruegmann, “Built Environment of the Chicago Region,” in Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide, ed. Ann Durkin Keating (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 259.

2. 3. Janice L. Reiff, “Contested Spaces,” in Keating, 55.

3. 4. Bruegmann, 299—300.

4. 5. Reiff, 57.

In your bibliography, provide a full citation for the whole book and a variation on the shortened note form for individual parts.

B:

✵ Bruegmann, Robert. “Built Environment of the Chicago Region.” In Keating, 76—314.

✵ Keating, Ann Durkin, ed. Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

✵ Reiff, Janice, L. “Contested Spaces.” In Keating, 55—63.

17.1.8.3 WORKS IN ANTHOLOGIES. Cite a short story, poem, essay, or other work published in an anthology in the same way you would a contribution to an edited collection with multiple authors. Give the titles of most works published in anthologies in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. An exception is a book-length poem or prose work that is anthologized in full or in part; its title should be italicized (see 22.3.2).

N:

1. 1. Isabel Allende, “The Spirits Were Willing,” in The Oxford Book of Latin American Essays, ed. Ilan Stavans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 463—64.

B:

✵ Wigglesworth, Michael. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. In The New Anthology of American Poetry, vol. 1, Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod, Camille Roman, and Thomas Travisano, 68—74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.

If the original publication date of a work is important in the context of your paper, include it after the title of the work and before the title of the anthology in both your notes and your bibliography.

N:

1. 2. Isabel Allende, “The Spirits Were Willing” (1984), in The Oxford Book . . .

B:

✵ Wigglesworth, Michael. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. 1662. In The New Anthology . . .

17.1.9 Letters and Other Communications in Published Collections

To cite a letter, memorandum, or other such item collected in a book, give the names of the sender and recipient followed by the date of the correspondence. (For unpublished personal communications, see 17.6.2; for unpublished letters in manuscript collections, see 17.7.4.) The word letter is unnecessary, but label other forms, such as a report or memorandum. Give the title and other data for the collection in the usual form for an edited book. Subsequent notes to the same item can be shortened to the names of the sender and recipient (plus a date if necessary).

N:

1. 1. Henry James to Edith Wharton, November 8, 1905, in Letters, ed. Leon Edel, vol. 4, 1895—1916 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984), 373.

2. 2. James to Wharton, 375.

3. 3. E. B. White to Harold Ross, memorandum, May 2, 1946, in Letters of E. B. White, ed. Dorothy Lobrano Guth (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 273.

In the bibliography, cite the whole collection.

B:

✵ James, Henry. Letters. Edited by Leon Edel. Vol. 4, 1895—1916. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984.

✵ White, E. B. Letters of E. B. White. Edited by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

17.1.10 Electronic Books

Electronic books, or e-books, are cited just like print books, as discussed throughout 17.1. In addition, you will need to include information about the format you consulted. If you read the book online, include a URL. If you consulted the book in a commercial database, you can instead give the name of the database. See 15.4.1 for more details.

On the other hand, if you downloaded a book from Amazon or Apple or the like in a format that requires a specific app or device, include that information instead.

Many e-book formats lack fixed page numbers. Avoid citing app- or device-specific screen or location numbers, which may not be the same for others even if they consult the same format. Instead, cite by chapter or section number (see 17.1.7.1) or, if these are unnumbered, by the name of the chapter or section (see 17.1.8). Especially for a frequently cited source, it may be better simply to consult a version that reproduces the pagination of a printed edition. In the Dostoevsky example below, the page images from the Internet Archive are easier to cite than the reflowable Project Gutenberg text, and because they reproduce the original text exactly, they are also more authoritative.

N:

1. 1. Janet M. Davis, The Gospel of Kindness: Animal Welfare and the Making of Modern America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 144—45, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733156.001.0001.

2. 2. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 88, ProQuest Ebrary.

3. 3. Jessa Crispin, The Dead Ladies Project: Exiles, Expats, and Ex-Countries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 100—101, Adobe Digital Editions PDF.

4. 4. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (Boston: Little, Brown, 2008), chap. 1, sec. 4, Kindle.

5. 5. Harper Lee, Go Set a Watchman (New York: Harper, 2015), chap. 19, iBooks.

6. 6. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Constance Garnett (Project Gutenberg, last updated November 5, 2012), pt. 6, chap. 1, http://gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm.

or, better,

1. 6. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Constance Garnett, ed. William Allan Neilson (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917), 444, https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

B:

✵ Crispin, Jessa. The Dead Ladies Project: Exiles, Expats, and Ex-Countries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Adobe Digital Editions PDF.

✵ Davis, Janet M. The Gospel of Kindness: Animal Welfare and the Making of Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733156.001.0001.

✵ Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Constance Garnett. Edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier, 1917. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

✵ Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. Boston: Little, Brown, 2008. Kindle.

✵ Lee, Harper. Go Set a Watchman. New York: Harper, 2015. iBooks.

✵ Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ProQuest Ebrary.