A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Sources in the visual and performing arts
Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources
Source citation

The visual and performing arts generate a variety of sources, including artworks, live performances, broadcasts and streams, recordings in various media, and texts. Citing these sources involves determining which elements are needed to fully identify them, formatting the elements consistently, and adapting the general patterns outlined here as needed.

Some of the sources covered in this section, where noted, can be cited in notes only or by weaving the key elements into your text, although you may choose to include a specific item in your bibliography that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. If your paper is for a course in the arts, media studies, or a similar field, consult your instructor.

17.10.1 Artworks and Graphics

17.10.1.1 PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS. Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs, drawings, and the like only in notes. Include the name of the artist, the title of the artwork (in italics) and date of its creation (preceded by “ca.” [circa] if approximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location. You may also include the medium and related information, if relevant. For images consulted online, include a URL (see also 15.4.1.3). Whenever possible, consult the item through the website of the institution at which the item is physically located.

N:

1. 1. Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, oil on canvas, Milwaukee Art Museum, http://collection.mam.org/details.php?id=11207.

2. 2. Michelangelo, David, 1501—4, Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence.

3. 3. Ansel Adams, North Dome, Basket Dome, Mount Hoffman, Yosemite, ca. 1935, silver print, 16.5 × 21.9 cm, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Renwick Gallery, Washington, DC, http://edan.si.edu/saam/id/object/1994.91.1.

4. 4. Erich Buchholz, Untitled, 1920, gouache on paper, Museum of Modern Art, New York, http://www.moma.org/collection/works/38187.

Instead of using a note, you can sometimes cite artworks by weaving the elements into your text. Some of the elements can appear in parentheses, even if they do not follow the form for parenthetical notes described in 16.4.3.

O’Keeffe first demonstrated this technique in The Cliff Chimneys (1938, Milwaukee Art Museum).

If you viewed the artwork in the context of another work such as a book and your local guidelines require you to identify this source, give the publication information in place of the institutional name and location.

N:

1. 5. Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, in Barbara Buhler Lynes, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner, Georgia O’Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 25.

17.10.1.2 GRAPHIC ARTS. Cite graphic sources such as print advertisements, maps, cartoons, and so forth only in notes, adapting the basic patterns for artworks and giving as much information as possible. Give any title or caption in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and identify the type of graphic, in parentheses, if it is unclear from the title. For items consulted online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3); for undated sources, also include an access date (see 15.4.1.5).

N:

1. 1. Apple Inc., “Shot on iPhone 6S by Anh N.,” full-page advertisement, New Yorker, July 4, 2016, back cover.

2. 2. Yu ji tu [Map of the tracks of Yu], AD 1136, Forest of Stone Steles Museum, Xi’an, China, stone rubbing, 1933?, 84 × 82 cm, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/item/gm71005080/.

3. 3. Chrissy Teigen crying at the 2015 Golden Globe Awards, animated GIF, GIPHY, accessed July 3, 2016, http://giphy.com/gifs/girl-lol-crying-P2kEMJjHosUUg.

4. 4. Evan Brown, “The 10 Commandments of Typography,” infographic, DesignMantic, April 11, 2014. http://www.designmantic.com/blog/infographics/ten-commandments-of-typography/.

17.10.2 Live Performances

Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in notes. Include the title of the work performed, the author, any key contributors or performers and an indication of their roles, the venue and its location, and the date. Italicize the titles of plays and long musical compositions, but set the titles of shorter works in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3).

N:

1. 1. Hamilton, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, directed by Thomas Kail, choreographed by Andy Blakenbuehler, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, February 2, 2016.

2. 2. Simone Dinnerstein, pianist, Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2, by Johannes Brahms, Portland Center for the Performing Arts, Portland, OR, January 15, 2012.

Instead of using a note, you may be able to weave the elements into your text. Some of the elements can appear in parentheses, even if they do not follow the form for parenthetical notes described in 16.4.3.

Simone Dinnerstein’s performance of Brahms’s Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2 (January 15, 2012, at Portland Center for the Performing Arts), was anything but intermediate . . .

To cite recordings and broadcasts of live performances, add information about the medium. See 17.10.3 for similar types of examples.

N:

1. 3. Artur Rubinstein, pianist, “Spinning Song,” by Felix Mendelssohn, Ambassador College, Pasadena, CA, January 15, 1975, on The Last Recital for Israel (BMG Classics, 1992), VHS.

17.10.3 Multimedia

Citations of movies, television and radio programs, recorded music, and other works in multimedia formats will vary depending on the type of source. At a minimum, identify the title of the work, the date it was created or published or otherwise made available, the name of the studio or other entity responsible for producing or distributing the work, and information about the medium in which you consulted it. If you consulted the source online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

17.10.3.1 MOVIES. In the notes, list the title of the movie (in italics) followed by the name of the director, the name of the company that produced or distributed the movie, and year the movie was released or created or otherwise made available. (You may also include a publication date for the recording.) Include information about writers, actors, producers, and so forth if it is relevant to your discussion. Finish with any relevant information about the medium (including timings as displayed with the source). If you watched online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

N:

1. 1. Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, directed by Stanley Kubrick, featuring Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, and Sterling Hayden (Columbia, 1964), 0:11:43 to 0:14:54, https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000P407K4.

2. 2. Gravity, directed by Alfonso Cuarón (2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014), Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

3. 3. Dope, directed by Rick Famuyiwa (Open Road Films, 2015), https://www.netflix.com/watch/80037759.

4. 4. A. E. Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron (American Mutoscope and Biograph, 1903), 35mm film, from Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898—1906, MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps, https://www.loc.gov/item/00694378.

In the bibliography, you can list the movie either under the name of the director or under the title.

B:

✵ Dope. Directed by Rick Famuyiwa. Open Road Films, 2015. 1 hr., 43 min. https://www.netflix.com/watch/80037759.

or

✵ Famuyiwa, Rick, director. Dope. Open Road Films, 2015. 1 hr., 43 min. https://www.netflix.com/watch/80037759.

Information about ancillary material included with the movie should be woven into the text.

In a special feature titled “Complete Silence,” Cuarón acknowledges a tension between realism and audience expectations . . .

17.10.3.2 TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMS. To cite a television or radio program include, at a minimum, the title of the program, the name of the episode or segment, the date on which it was first aired or made available, and the entity that produced or broadcast the work. You may also include an episode number, the name of the director or author of the episode or segment, and (if relevant to your discussion) the names of key performers. Italicize the titles of programs, but put the titles of episodes or segments in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. Finish with any relevant information about the medium. If you watched online, include a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

N:

1. 1. “Pen-Pal Passion Is Revived In Broadway’s ’She Loves Me,’” hosted by David Bianculli, Fresh Air, on NPR, June 24, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/06/23/483245382/pen-pal-passion-is-revived-in-broadways-she-loves-me.

2. 2. Mad Men, season 1, episode 12, “Nixon vs. Kennedy,” directed by Alan Taylor, featuring Jon Hamm, Elisabeth Moss, and Vincent Kartheiser, aired October 11, 2007, on AMC (Lions Gate Television, 2007), DVD, disc 4.

3. 3. Jane the Virgin, season 2, chapter 36, directed by Uta Briesewitz, aired March 7, 2016, on the CW Television Network.

4. 4. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia,” directed by Ryan Murphy, written by D. V. DeVincentis, featuring Sterling K. Brown, Kenneth Choi, and Sarah Paulson, aired March 8, 2016, on FX, https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

5. 5. The Brady Bunch, season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow,” directed by Russ Mayberry, aired November 19, 1971, on ABC, https://www.hulu.com/the-brady-bunch.

Instead of using a note, you can often cite such programs by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not relevant to the citation.

By alluding to The Brady Bunch (specifically “Her Sister’s Shadow,” from 1971), the title of episode 6 (“Marcia, Marcia, Marcia,” March 8, 2016) not only calls attention to the central role of television in the trial but also . . .

In the bibliography, radio and television programs are normally cited by the title of the program or series.

B:

✵ Brady Bunch, The. Season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow.” Directed by Russ Mayberry. Aired November 19, 1971, on ABC. https://www.hulu.com/the-brady-bunch.

17.10.3.4 SOUND RECORDINGS. To cite recorded music and the like, include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings, including the date of the recording, the name of the recording company, the identifying number of the recording, the copyright date (if different from the year of the recording), and any relevant information about the medium. Titles of albums should be in italics; individual selections should be in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). Abbreviate compact disc as CD. Recordings consulted online should include a URL (see 15.4.1.3); in some cases the name of a music service can stand in for a URL.

N:

1. 1. Billie Holiday, vocalist, “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, track 1 on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.

2. 2. Rihanna, “Umbrella,” featuring Jay-Z, track 1 on Good Girl Gone Bad, Island Def Jam, 2007, Spotify streaming audio, 320 kbps.

3. 3. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, CD.

4. 4. Pink Floyd, “Atom Heart Mother,” recorded April 29, 1970, Fillmore West, San Francisco, Concert Vault streaming audio, http://www.concertvault.com/pink-floyd/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.html.

In the bibliography you can list the recording under the name of the composer or the performer, depending on which is more relevant to your discussion.

B:

✵ Rubinstein, Artur, pianist. The Chopin Collection. Recorded 1946, 1958—67. RCA Victor/BMG 60822—2-RG, 1991. 11 CDs.

✵ Shostakovich, Dmitri. Symphony no. 5 / Symphony no. 9. Conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Recorded with the New York Philharmonic, October 20, 1959 (no. 5), and October 19, 1965 (no. 9). Sony SMK 61841, 1999. CD.

Treat recordings of drama, prose or poetry readings, lectures, and the like as you would musical recordings.

N:

1. 5. Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, performed by Dylan Thomas et al., recorded May 14, 1953, on Dylan Thomas: The Caedmon Collection, Caedmon, 2002, 11 CDs, discs 9—10.

B:

✵ Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Read by Bernadette Dunne. New York: Random House Audio, 2012. Audible audio ed., 13 hr., 6 min.

17.10.3.5 VIDEO GAMES AND APPS. To cite video games and apps, adapt the examples included throughout this section on multimedia as needed. Titles of video games, like titles of movies, can be italicized. Include a version number and information about the device or operating system required to run the game or app. In the first bibliography entry example, the publishing information for Gems and Gemstones is in parentheses because such annotations are styled like notes.

N:

1. 1. Gems and Jewels, iPad ed., v. 1.01 (Touchpress, 2011), adapted from Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

2. 2. Angry Birds Transformers, v. 1.4.25 (Rovio Entertainment, 2014), Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

B:

✵ Grande, Lance, and Allison Augustyn. Gems and Jewels. iPad ed., v. 1.01. Touchpress, 2011. Adapted from Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

✵ Rovio Entertainment. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment, 2014. Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

17.10.3.6 INTERVIEWS. To cite interviews in multimedia formats, treat the person interviewed as the author, and identify the interviewer in the context of the citation. Also include the program or publication and date of the interview (or publication or air date). Interviews are normally cited only in the notes. List the interview in your bibliography only if it is critical to your paper or frequently cited. For unpublished interviews and interviews in other types of published sources, see 17.6.1.

17.10.4 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts

17.10.4.1 ART EXHIBITION CATALOGS. Cite an art exhibition catalog as you would a book. In the bibliography entry only, include information about the exhibition following the publication data.

N:

1. 1. Jennifer Y. Chi, ed., The Eye of the Shah: Qajar Court Photography and the Persian Past (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 33.

B:

✵ Chi, Jennifer Y., ed. The Eye of the Shah: Qajar Court Photography and the Persian Past. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name at New York University’s Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, October 22, 2015—January 17, 2016.

17.10.4.2 PLAYS. In some cases you can cite well-known English-language plays in notes only. (See also 17.8.1.) Omit publication data, and cite passages by act and scene (or other division) instead of by page number.

N:

1. 1. Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night, act 2, scene 1.

If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if you are citing a translation or an obscure work, cite every play as you would a book, and include each in your bibliography. Cite passages either by division or by page, according to your local guidelines.

N:

1. 2. Enid Bagnold, The Chalk Garden (New York: Random House, 1956), 8—9.

B:

✵ Anouilh, Jean. Becket, or The Honor of God. Translated by Lucienne Hill. New York: Riverhead Books, 1996.

17.10.4.3 MUSICAL SCORES. Cite a published musical score as you would a book.

N:

1. 1. Giuseppe Verdi, Giovanna d’Arco, dramma lirico in four acts, libretto by Temistocle Solera, ed. Alberto Rizzuti, 2 vols., Works of Giuseppe Verdi, ser. 1, Operas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Milan: G. Ricordi, 2008).

B:

✵ Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.

Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.

N:

1. 2. Ralph Shapey, “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players,” score, 1966, Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.