A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Reference lists
Author-date style: the basic form
Source citation

In papers that use author-date style, the reference list presents full bibliographical information for all the sources cited in parenthetical citations (other than a few special types of sources; see 18.2.2). You may also include works that were important to your thinking but that you did not specifically mention in the text. In addition to providing bibliographical information, a reference list shows readers the extent of your research and its relationship to prior work, and it helps readers use your sources in their own research. If you use the author-date citation style, you must include a reference list in your paper.

Label the list References. See figure A.16 in the appendix for a sample page of a reference list.

18.2.1 Arrangement of Entries

18.2.1.1 ALPHABETICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL BY AUTHOR. A reference list is normally a single list of all sources arranged alphabetically by the last name of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry. (For alphabetizing names from languages other than English, compound names, and other special cases, see 18.2.1.2.) Most word processors and citation management tools can sort entries alphabetically. For all but the simplest of lists, however, the results will typically need some adjusting. If you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your department or university may specify that you should alphabetize the entries letter by letter or word by word; see 16.58—61 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017), for an explanation of these two systems.

If your reference list includes two or more works written, edited, or translated by the same individual, arrange the entries chronologically by publication date. For all entries after the first, replace the individual’s name with a long dash, called a 3-em dash (see 21.7.3). For edited or translated works, put a comma and the appropriate designation (ed., trans., or the like) after the dash. List all such works before any that the individual coauthored or coedited. Successive entries by two or more authors in which only the first author’s name is the same are alphabetized according to the coauthors’ last names. Note that it is best to make all these adjustments manually—after you have sorted your complete reference list alphabetically by name.

R:

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. 1988. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.

✵ ———, ed. 2002. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.

✵ ———. 2004. America behind the Color Line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner Books.

✵ ———. 2010. Tradition and the Black Atlantic: Critical Theory in the African Diaspora. New York: BasicCivitas.

✵ ———. 2011. Black in Latin America. New York: New York University Press.

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Cornel West. 2000. The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Country. New York: Free Press.

✵ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Donald Yacovone. 2013. The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. Carlsbad, CA: SmileyBooks.

The same principles apply to works by a single group of authors named in the same order.

R:

✵ Marty, Martin E., and R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The Glory and the Power: The Fundamentalist Challenge to the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.

✵ ———, eds. 2004. Accounting for Fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✵ Marty, Martin E., and Micah Marty. 1998. When True Simplicity Is Gained: Finding Spiritual Clarity in a Complex World. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.

If your reference list includes more than one work published in the same year by an author or group of authors named in the same order, arrange the entries alphabetically by title (ignoring articles such as a and the). Add the letters a, b, c, and so forth to the year, in roman type without an intervening space. Your parenthetical citations to these works should include the letters (see 18.3.2).

R:

✵ Fogel, Robert William. 2004a. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700—2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.

✵ ———. 2004b. “Technophysio Evolution and the Measurement of Economic Growth.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14, no. 2: 217—21.

If a book or journal article does not have an author or editor (or other named compiler, such as a translator), put the title first in your reference list entry and alphabetize based on it, ignoring articles such as a and the.

R:

✵ Account of the Operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. 1870—1910. 22 vols. Dehra Dun: Survey of India.

✵ “The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.” 1863. Calcutta Review 38:26—62.

✵ “State and Prospects of Asia.” 1839. Quarterly Review 63, no. 126 (March): 369—402.

For magazine and newspaper articles without authors, use the title of the magazine or newspaper in place of the author (see 19.3 and 19.4). For other types of sources, see the relevant section in chapter 19 for guidance; if not stated otherwise, use a title in this position.

18.2.1.2 SPECIAL TYPES OF NAMES. Some authors’ names consist of more than a readily identifiable “first name” and “last name.” In many cases you can determine the correct order by consulting your library’s catalog. For historical names, the biographical entries at Merriam-Webster.com can be helpful. This section outlines some general principles for alphabetizing such names in your reference list. In shortened or parenthetical notes, use the last name exactly as inverted (shown below in bold). If your paper involves names from languages other than English, follow the conventions for those languages.

✵ ▪ Compound names. Alphabetize compound last names, including hyphenated names, by the first part of the compound. If a woman uses both her own family name and her husband’s but does not hyphenate them, generally alphabetize by the second surname. While many languages have predictable patterns for compound names (see below), others—such as French and German—do not.

o Hine, Darlene Clark

o Kessler-Harris, Alice

o Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

o Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

✵ ▪ Names with particles. Depending on the language, particles such as de, di, D,’ and van may or may not be considered the first part of a last name for alphabetizing. Consult one of the resources noted above if you are unsure about a particular name. Note that particles may be either lowercased or capitalized, and some are followed by an apostrophe.

o Beauvoir, Simone de

o de Gaulle, Charles

o di Leonardo, Micaela

o Kooning, Willem de

o Medici, Lorenzo de’

o Van Rensselaer, Stephen

✵ ▪ Names beginning with “Mac,” “Saint,” or “O’.” Names that begin with Mac, Saint, or O’ can have many variations in abbreviation (Mc, St.), spelling (Sainte, San), capitalization (Macmillan, McAllister), and hyphenation or apostrophes (O’Neill or Odell; Saint-Gaudens or St. Denis). Alphabetize all such names based on the letters actually present; do not group them because they are similar.

✵ ▪ Spanish names. Many Spanish last names are compound names consisting of an individual’s paternal and maternal family names, sometimes joined by the conjunction y. Alphabetize such names under the first part.

o Ortega y Gasset, José

o Sánchez Mendoza, Juana

✵ ▪ Arabic names. Alphabetize Arabic last names that begin with the particle al- or el- (the) under the element following the particle. Names that begin with Abu, Abd, and Ibn, like English names beginning with Mac or Saint, should be alphabetized under these terms.

o Abu Zafar Nadvi, Syed

o Hakim, Tawfiq al-

o Ibn Saud, Aziz

o Jamal, Muhammad Hamid al-

✵ ▪ Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names. If an author with a Chinese, Japanese, or Korean name follows traditional usage (family name followed by given name), do not invert the name or insert a comma between the “first” and “last” names. If the author follows Westernized usage (given name followed by family name), treat the name as you would an English name.

18.2.1.3 CATEGORIZED LISTINGS. Because readers following a parenthetical citation will have only an author and a date to help them identify the relevant reference list entry, organize the list as described above except in rare cases. Under the following circumstances, you may consider dividing the list into separate categories:

✵ ▪ If you have more than three or four entries for a special type of source, such as manuscripts, archival collections, recordings, and so on, list them separately from the rest of your entries.

✵ ▪ If it is critical to distinguish primary sources from secondary and tertiary ones, list the entries in separate sections.

If you categorize sources, introduce each separate section with a subheading and, if necessary, a headnote. Order the entries within each section according to the principles given above, and do not list a source in more than one section unless it clearly could be categorized in two or more ways.

18.2.2 Sources That May Be Omitted

By convention, you may omit the following types of sources from a reference list:

✵ ▪ comments on online magazine or newspaper articles and blog posts (19.3, 19.4.2, 19.5.2), postings to social media (19.5.3) or to online forums or mailing lists (19.5.4), and anonymous unpublished interviews and personal communications (19.6)

✵ ▪ classical, medieval, and early English literary works (19.8.1) and (in some cases) well-known English-language plays (19.10.4.2)

✵ ▪ the Bible and other sacred works (19.8.2)

✵ ▪ well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias (19.9.1)

✵ ▪ some sources in the visual and performing arts, including artworks (19.10.1) and live performances (19.10.2)

✵ ▪ certain types of public documents (19.11), including the US Constitution (19.11.5)

You may choose to include in your reference list a specific item from one of these categories that is critical to your argument or frequently cited.