A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

Books
Author-date style: citing specific types of sources
Source citation

19.1 Books

19.1.1 Author’s Name

19.1.2 Date of Publication

19.1.3 Title

19.1.4 Edition

19.1.5 Volume

19.1.6 Series

19.1.7 Facts of Publication

19.1.8 Page Numbers and Other Locators

19.1.9 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book

19.1.10 Electronic Books

19.2 Journal Articles

19.2.1 Author’s Name

19.2.2 Date of Publication

19.2.3 Article Title

19.2.4 Journal Title

19.2.5 Issue Information

19.2.6 Page Numbers

19.2.7 Special Issues and Supplements

19.2.8 Abstracts

19.3 Magazine Articles

19.4 Newspaper Articles

19.4.1 Name of Newspaper

19.4.2 Citing Newspapers in Reference Lists and Parentheses

19.4.3 Citing Newspapers in Text

19.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media

19.5.1 Website Content

19.5.2 Blog Posts

19.5.3 Social Media

19.5.4 Online Forums and Mailing Lists

19.6 Interviews and Personal Communications

19.6.1 Interviews

19.6.2 Personal Communications

19.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections

19.7.1 Theses and Dissertations

19.7.2 Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings

19.7.3 Pamphlets and Reports

19.7.4 Manuscript Collections

19.7.5 Online Collections

19.8 Older Works and Sacred Works

19.8.1 Classical, Medieval, and Early English Literary Works

19.8.2 The Bible and Other Sacred Works

19.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations

19.9.1 Reference Works

19.9.2 Reviews

19.9.3 One Source Quoted in Another

19.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts

19.10.1 Artworks and Graphics

19.10.2 Live Performances

19.10.3 Multimedia

19.10.4 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts

19.11 Public Documents

19.11.1 Elements to Include, Their Order, and How to Format Them

19.11.2 Congressional Publications

19.11.3 Presidential Publications

19.11.4 Publications of Government Departments and Agencies

19.11.5 US Constitution

19.11.6 Treaties

19.11.7 Legal Cases

19.11.8 State and Local Government Documents

19.11.9 Canadian Government Documents

19.11.10 British Government Documents

19.11.11 Publications of International Bodies

19.11.12 Unpublished Government Documents

Chapter 18 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the author-date style, including both reference list entries and parenthetical citations. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.

This chapter provides detailed information on the form of reference list entries (and, to a lesser extent, parenthetical citations) for a wide range of sources. It starts with the most commonly cited sources—books and journal articles—before addressing a wide variety of other sources. The sections on books (19.1) and journal articles (19.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors’ names and titles of works in greater depth than sections on less common sources.

Examples of sources consulted online are included alongside most other types of examples. Electronic book formats are discussed at 19.1.10. For some general considerations, especially if you are new to research, see 15.4. For tips related to citation management tools, see 15.6.

Most sections include guidelines and examples for reference list entries (identified with an R). Since most parenthetical citations follow the basic pattern described in chapter 18, they are discussed here (and identified with a P) only for clarification or if unusual elements might cause confusion in preparing a parenthetical citation (for example, when a work has no author).

If you cannot find an example in this chapter, consult chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations, as long as you apply them consistently.

19.1 Books

Citations of books may include a wide range of elements. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.

19.1.1 Author’s Name

In your reference list, give the name of each author (and editor, translator, or other contributor) exactly as it appears on the title page, and in the same order. If a name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1). Put the first-listed author’s name in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in 18.2.1.2. Names of any additional authors should follow but should not be inverted.

R:

✵ Barker-Benfield, G. J. 2010. Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✵ Kinder, Donald R., and Allison Dale-Riddle. 2012. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

✵ Mukherjee, Ankhi. 2013. What Is a Classic? Postcolonial Rewriting and Invention of the Canon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s last name, exactly as given in the reference list. For works with three or more authors, see figure 18.1.

P:

✵ (Barker-Benfield 2010, 499)

✵ (Kinder and Dale-Riddle 2010, 47)

✵ (Mukherjee 2013, 184—85)

19.1.1.1 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author’s name as described above. Add the editor or translator’s name after the book’s title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original.

In reference list entries, insert the phrase Edited by or Translated by before the editor’s or translator’s name.

R:

✵ Elizabeth I. 2000. Collected Works. Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✵ Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 2010. The Science of Logic. Edited and translated by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

✵ Jitrik, Noé. 2005. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature. Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to edited by or translated by and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 19.1.9).

In parenthetical citations, do not include the name of an editor or translator if the work appears in your reference list under the author’s name.

P:

✵ (Elizabeth I 2000, 102—4)

✵ (Hegel 2010, 642—43)

✵ (Jitrik 2005, 189)

19.1.1.2 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book’s title page instead of an author, use that person’s name in the author’s slot. Treat it as you would an author’s name (see the beginning of this section), but in the reference list, add the abbreviation ed. or trans. following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, use eds. or trans. (singular and plural) and follow the principles for multiple authors shown in figure 18.1.

R:

✵ Heaney, Seamus, trans. 2000. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton.

✵ Logroño Narbona, María del Mar, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds. 2015. Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA. Austin: University of Texas Press.

P:

✵ (Heaney 2000, 55)

✵ (Logroño Narbona, Pinto, and Karam 2015, 140—41)

19.1.1.3 ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author’s name on the title page, list the organization itself as author, even if it is also given as publisher. For public documents, see 19.9.

R:

✵ American Bar Association. 2016. The 2016 Federal Rules Book. Chicago: American Bar Association.

P:

✵ (American Bar Association 2016, 192)

19.1.1.4 PSEUDONYM. Treat a widely recognized pseudonym as if it were the author’s real name. If the name listed as the author’s is known to be a pseudonym but the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym in a reference list entry, though not in a parenthetical citation.

R:

✵ Centinel [pseud.]. 1981. “Letters.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✵ Twain, Mark. 1899. The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages. New York: Harper and Brothers.

P:

✵ (Twain 1899, 34)

✵ (Centinel 1981, 2)

19.1.1.5 ANONYMOUS AUTHOR. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book’s title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark if there is uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name (but see below), and begin the reference list entry with the title. In parenthetical citations, use a shortened title (see 18.3.2).

R:

✵ [Hawkes, James?]. 1834. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes. By a Citizen of New-York. New-York.

✵ A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610. London.

P:

✵ ([Hawkes, James?] 1834, 128—29)

✵ (True and Sincere Declaration 1610, 17)

If the author is explicitly listed as “Anonymous” on the title page, cite the book accordingly.

B:

✵ Anonymous. 2015. The Secret Lives of Teachers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P:

✵ (Anonymous 2015, 202)

19.1.2 Date of Publication

The publication date for a book consists only of a year, not a month or day, and is usually identical to the copyright date. It generally appears on the copyright page and sometimes on the title page.

In a reference list entry, set off the date as its own element with periods. In a parenthetical citation, put it after the author’s name without intervening punctuation.

R:

✵ Chen, Cheng. 2016. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

P:

✵ (Chen 2016, 34—35)

Revised editions and reprints may include more than one copyright date. In this case, the most recent indicates the publication date—for example, 2017 in the string “© 2003, 2010, 2017.” See 19.1.4 for citing publication dates in such works.

If you cannot determine the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation n.d. in place of the year. If no date is provided but you believe you know it, you may add it in brackets, with a question mark to indicate uncertainty. (For the use of access dates for undated sources consulted online, see 19.5.1.)

R:

✵ Agnew, John. n.d. A Book of Virtues. Edinburgh.

✵ Miller, Samuel. [1750?]. Another Book of Virtues. Boston.

P:

✵ (Agnew n.d., 5)

✵ (Miller [1750?], 5)

If a book is under contract with a publisher and is already titled but the date of publication is not yet known, use forthcoming in place of the date. To avoid confusion, include a comma after the author’s name in a parenthetical citation of this type. Treat any book not yet under contract as an unpublished manuscript (see 19.6).

R:

✵ Author, Jane Q. Forthcoming. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name.

P:

✵ (Author, forthcoming, 16)

19.1.3 Title

List complete book titles and subtitles in reference list entries. Italicize both, and separate the title from the subtitle with a colon. (In the rare case of two subtitles, either follow the punctuation in the original or use a colon before the first and a semicolon before the second.)

R:

✵ Marsden, Philip. 2016. Rising Ground: A Search for the Spirit of Place. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Capitalize all titles and subtitles headline-style; that is, capitalize the first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all major words. For titles in languages other than English, use sentence-style capitalization—that is, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns or other terms that would be capitalized under the conventions of the original language (in some Romance languages, proper adjectives and some proper nouns are not capitalized). (See 22.3.1 for a more detailed discussion of the two styles.)

(headline style) How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians

(sentence style) A quoi rêvent les algorithmes: Nos vies à l’heure des big data

Preserve the spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation of the original title, with two exceptions: change words in full capitals (except for initialisms or acronyms; see chapter 24) to upper- and lowercase, and change an ampersand (&) to and. Spell out numbers or give them as numerals according to the original (twelfth century or 12th century) unless there is a good reason to make them consistent with other titles in the list.

For titles of chapters and other parts of a book, see 19.1.9.

19.1.3.1 SPECIAL ELEMENTS IN TITLES. Several elements in titles require special treatment.

✵ ▪ Dates. Use a comma to set off dates at the end of a title or subtitle, even if there is no punctuation in the original source. But if the source introduces the dates with a preposition (for example, “from 1920 to 1945”) or a colon, do not add a comma.

R:

o Hayes, Romain. 2011. Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence, and Propaganda, 1941—43. New York: Columbia University Press.

o Sorenson, John L., and Carl L. Johannessen. 2009. World Trade and Biological Exchanges before 1492. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.

✵ ▪ Titles within titles. When the title of a work that would normally be italicized appears within the italicized title of another, enclose the quoted title in quotation marks. (If the title-within-a-title would normally be enclosed in quotation marks, keep the quotation marks.)

R:

o Ladenson, Elisabeth. 2007. Dirt for Art’s Sake: Books on Trial from “Madame Bovary” to “Lolita.” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

o McHugh, Roland. 1991. Annotations to “Finnegans Wake.” 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

However, when the entire main title of a book consists of a title within a title, do not add quotation marks (but keep any quotation marks used in the source).

R:

o Light, Alan. 2014. Let’s Go Crazy: Prince and the Making of “Purple Rain.” New York: Atria Books.

o Wilde, Oscar. 2011. The Picture of Dorian Gray: An Annotated, Uncensored Edition. Edited by Nicholas Frankel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

✵ ▪ Italicized terms. When an italicized title includes terms normally italicized in text, such as species names or names of ships, set the terms in roman type.

R:

o Pennington, T. Hugh. 2003. When Food Kills: BSE, E. coli, and Disaster Science. New York: Oxford University Press.

o Lech, Raymond B. 2001. The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy’s Worst Disaster at Sea. New York: Cooper Square Press.

✵ ▪ Question marks and exclamation points. When a title or a subtitle ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, no other punctuation normally follows (but see 21.12.1).

R:

o Allen, Jafari S. 2011. ¡Venceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

o Wolpert, Stanley. 2010. India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? Berkeley: University of California Press.

19.1.3.2 OLDER TITLES. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the original punctuation and spelling. Also retain the original capitalization, even if it does not follow headline style. Words in all capital letters, however, should be given in upper- and lowercase. If the title is very long, you may shorten it, but provide enough information for readers to find the full title in a library or publisher’s catalog. Indicate omissions in such titles by three ellipsis dots. Put the dots in square brackets to show that they are not part of the original title. (Square brackets are also used in the second example to show that the place of publication is known but did not appear with the source.) If the omission comes at the end of a title, add a period after the bracketed dots.

R:

✵ Escalante, Bernardino. 1579. A Discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe make to the Realmes and Provinces of the East Partes of the Worlde [ . . . ]. Translated by John Frampton. London.

✵ Ray, John. 1673. Observations Topographical, Moral, and Physiological: Made in a Journey Through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy, and France: with A Catalogue of Plants not Native of England [ . . . ] Whereunto is added A Brief Account of Francis Willughby, Esq., his Voyage through a great part of Spain. [London].

19.1.3.3 NON-ENGLISH TITLES. Use sentence-style capitalization for non-English titles, following the capitalization principles for proper nouns and other terms within the relevant language. If you are unfamiliar with these principles, consult a reliable source.

R:

✵ Kelek, Necla. 2006. Die fremde Braut: Ein Bericht aus dem Inneren des türkischen Lebens in Deutschland. Munich: Goldmann Verlag.

✵ Piletić Stojanović, Ljiljana, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i češki kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene umetnosti.

✵ Reveles, José. 2016. Échale la culpa a la heroína: De Iguala a Chicago. New York: Vintage Español.

If you add the English translation of a title, place it after the original. Enclose it in brackets, without italics or quotation marks, and capitalize it sentence-style.

R:

✵ Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’ League]. Warsaw: PWN.

✵ Yu Guoming. 2011. Zhongguo chuan mei fa zhan qian yan tan suo [New perspectives on news and communication]. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she.

If you need to cite both the original and a translation, use one of the following forms, depending on whether you want to focus readers on the original or the translation.

R:

✵ Furet, François. 1995. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. Translated by Deborah Furet as The Passing of an Illusion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

or

✵ Furet, François. 1999. The Passing of an Illusion. Translated by Deborah Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published as Le passé d’une illusion (Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995).

19.1.4 Edition

Some works are published in more than one edition. Each edition differs in content or format or both. Always include information about the edition you actually consulted (unless it is a first edition, which is usually not labeled as such).

19.1.4.1 REVISED EDITIONS. When a book is reissued with significant content changes, it may be called a “revised” edition or a “second” (or subsequent) edition. This information usually appears on the book’s title page and is repeated, along with the date of the edition, on the copyright page.

When you cite an edition other than the first, include the number or description of the edition after the title. Abbreviate such wording as “Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged” as 2nd ed.; abbreviate “Revised Edition” as Rev. ed. Include the publication date only of the edition you are citing, not of any previous editions (see 19.1.2).

R:

✵ Foley, Douglas E. 2010. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

✵ Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. 2006. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Rev. ed. New York: HarperCollins.

19.1.4.2 REPRINT EDITIONS. Many books are reissued or published in more than one format—for example, in a paperback edition (by the original publisher or a different publisher) or in electronic form (see 19.1.10). Always record the facts of publication for the version you consulted. If the edition you consulted was published more than a year or two after the original edition, you may include the date of the original (see 19.1.2) in parentheses in the reference list entry.

R:

✵ Jarrell, Randall. 2010. Pictures from an Institution: A Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Orig. pub. 1954.)

P:

✵ (Jarrell 2010, 79—80)

If the reprint is a modern printing of a classic work, you should still cite the reprint edition, but if the original publication date is important in the context of your paper, include it in brackets before the reprint date in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R:

✵ Dickens, Charles. 2011. Pictures from Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Orig. pub. 1846.)

P:

✵ (Dickens 2011, 10)

or

R:

✵ Dickens, Charles. [1846] 2011. Pictures from Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

P:

✵ (Dickens [1846] 2011, 10)

19.1.5 Volume

If a book is part of a multivolume work, include this information in your citations.

19.1.5.1 SPECIFIC VOLUME. To cite a specific volume that carries its own title, list the title for the multivolume work as a whole, followed by the volume number and title of the specific volume. Use the publication date of the individual volume. Abbreviate vol. and use arabic numbers for volume numbers. See also 18.2.1.

R:

✵ Naficy, Hamid. 2011. A Social History of Iranian Cinema. Vol. 2, The Industrializing Years, 1941—1978. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

✵ ———. 2012. A Social History of Iranian Cinema. Vol. 4, The Globalizing Era, 1984—2010. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

P:

✵ (Hamid 2011, 119)

✵ (Hamid 2012, 44)

If the volumes are not individually titled, list each volume that you cite in the reference list (see also 19.1.5.2). In a parenthetical citation, put the specific volume number immediately before the page number, separated by a colon and no intervening space.

R:

✵ Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. 1981. The Lisle Letters. Vols. 1 and 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P:

✵ (Byrne 1981, 4:243)

Some multivolume works have both a general editor and editors or authors for each volume. When citing a specific volume in such a work, include information about the volume editor(s) or author(s) (see 19.1.1) as well as information about the editor(s) of the multivolume work as a whole. The example from The History of Cartography shows not only how to cite an individual contribution to such a work (see 19.1.9) but also how to cite a volume published in more than one physical part (vol. 2, bk. 3).

R:

✵ Armstrong, Tenisha, ed. 2014. To Save the Soul of America, January 1961—August 1962. Vol. 7 of The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., edited by Clayborne Carson. Berkeley: University of California Press.

✵ Mundy, Barbara E. 1998. “Mesoamerican Cartography.” In The History of Cartography, edited by J. Brian Harley and David Woodward, vol. 2, bk. 3, Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, edited by David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis, 183—256. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P:

✵ (Armstrong 2014, 182)

✵ (Mundy 1998, 233)

19.1.5.2 MULTIVOLUME WORK AS A WHOLE. To cite a multivolume work as a whole, give the title and the total number of volumes. If the volumes have been published over several years, list the full span of publication dates in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R:

✵ Aristotle. 1983. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

✵ Tillich, Paul. 1951—63. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P:

✵ (Tillich 1951—63, 2:41)

For works that include individual volume titles or volume editors (see 19.1.5.1), it is usually best to cite each volume in the reference list individually.

19.1.6 Series

If a book belongs to a series, you may choose to include information about the series to help readers locate the source and understand the context in which it was published. Place the series information after the title (and any volume or edition number or editor’s name) and before the facts of publication.

Put the series title in roman type with headline-style capitalization, omitting any initial The. If the volumes in the series are numbered, include the number of the work cited following the series title. The name of the series editor is often omitted, but you may include it after the series title. If you include both an editor and a volume number, the number is preceded by vol.

R:

✵ Hausman, Blake M. 2011. Riding the Trail of Tears. Native Storiers: A Series of American Narratives. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

✵ Lunning, Frenchy, ed. 2014. World Renewal. Mechademia 10. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

✵ Stein, Gertrude. 2008. Selections. Edited by Joan Retallack. Poets for the Millennium, edited by Pierre Joris and Jerome Rothenberg, vol. 6. Berkeley: University of California Press.

19.1.7 Facts of Publication

The facts of publication usually include two elements: the place (city) of publication and the publisher’s name. (A third fact of publication, the date, appears as a separate element following the author’s name in this citation style; see 19.1.2.)

R:

✵ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. 2015. Between the World and Me. New York: Spiegel & Grau.

For books published before the twentieth century, you may omit the publisher’s name.

R:

✵ Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. London.

19.1.7.1 PLACE OF PUBLICATION. The place of publication is the city where the book publisher’s main editorial offices are located. If you do not see it listed on the title page, look for it on the copyright page instead. Where two or more cities are given (“Chicago and London,” for example), include only the first.

✵ Los Angeles: Getty Publications

✵ New York: Columbia University Press

If the city of publication might be unknown to readers or confused with another city of the same name, add the abbreviation of the state (see 24.3.1), province, or (if necessary) country. When the publisher’s name includes the state name, no state abbreviation is needed.

✵ Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press

✵ Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books

✵ Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

✵ Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Prefer current, commonly used English names for cities whenever such forms exist. (When in doubt about which form to use, record the name of the city as it appears with the source.)

✵ Belgrade (not Beograd)

✵ Milan (not Milano)

When the place of publication is not known (an uncommon occurrence for older works, which typically specify a city of publication), you may use the abbreviation N.p. before the publisher’s name. If the place can be guessed, include it in brackets and add a question mark to indicate uncertainty.

✵ N.p.: Windsor.

✵ [Lake Bluff, IL?]: Vliet and Edwards.

It is common for books published more recently through modern self-publishing platforms not to list a place of publication. If you cite such a source, the place of publication can usually be omitted (see 19.1.7.2 for an example).

19.1.7.2 PUBLISHER’S NAME. Give the publisher’s name for each book exactly as it appears on the title page, even if you know that the name has since changed or appears in a different form for other books in your reference list.

✵ Harcourt Brace and World

✵ Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

✵ Harcourt, Brace

You may, however, omit an initial The and such abbreviations as Inc., Ltd., S.A., Co., & Co., and Publishing Co. (and the spelled-out forms of such corporate abbreviations).

For non-English publishers, do not translate or abbreviate any part of the publisher’s name, but give the city name in its English form (as noted in 19.1.7.1). When the publisher is unknown, use just the place (if known). If a book has been self-published, however, this fact may be noted (see also 17.1.7.1).

R:

✵ Albin, Eleazar. 1738. A Natural History of Birds: Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Engraven from the Life. London: printed by the author.

✵ Rai, Alisha. 2015. Serving Pleasure. Self-published, CreateSpace.

19.1.8 Page Numbers and Other Locators

Page numbers and other information used to identify the location of a cited passage or element generally appear in parenthetical citations but not in reference lists. One exception: if you cite a chapter or other section of a book in a reference list, give the page range for that chapter or section (see 19.1.9 for examples).

For guidelines for expressing a span of numbers, see 23.2.4. For page numbers and other locators in e-book formats, see 19.1.10.

19.1.8.1 PAGE, CHAPTER, AND DIVISION NUMBERS. The locator is usually the last item in a parenthetical citation. Before page numbers, the word page or the abbreviation p. or pp. is generally omitted. Use arabic numbers except for pages numbered with roman numerals in the original.

P:

✵ (Arum and Roksa 2011, 145—46)

✵ (Jones 2010, xiv—xv)

Sometimes you may want to refer to a full chapter (abbreviated chap.), part (pt.), book (bk.), or section (sec.) instead of a span of page numbers.

P:

✵ (Datar, Garvin, and Cullen 2010, pt. 2)

Some books printed before 1800 do not carry page numbers but are divided into signatures and then into leaves or folios, each with a front side (recto, or r) and a back side (verso, or v). To cite such pages, include the relevant string of numbers and identifiers, run together without spaces or italics: for example, G6v, 176r, 232r—v, or (if you are citing entire folios) fol. 49.

19.1.8.2 OTHER TYPES OF LOCATORS. Sometimes you will want to cite a specific note, a figure or table, or a numbered line (as in some works of poetry).

✵ ▪ Note numbers. Use the abbreviation n (plural nn) to cite notes. If the note cited is the only footnote on its page or is an unnumbered footnote, add n after the page number (with no intervening space or punctuation). If there are other footnotes or endnotes on the same page as the note cited, list the page number followed by n or (if two or more consecutive notes are cited) nn and the note number(s).

P:

o (Grafton 1997, 72n)

o (Bolinger 1980, 192n23, 192n30, 199n14, 201nn16—17)

✵ ▪ Illustration and table numbers. Use the abbreviation fig. for figure, but spell out table, map, plate, and names of other types of illustrations. Give the page number before the illustration number.

P:

o (Sobel 1993, 87, table 5.3)

✵ ▪ Line numbers. For poetry and other works best identified by line number, avoid the abbreviations l. (line) and ll. (lines); they are too easily confused with the numerals 1 and 11. Use line or lines, or use numbers alone where you have made it clear that you are referring to lines.

P:

o (Nash 1945, lines 1—4)

19.1.9 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book

In most cases you can cite the main title of any book that offers a continuous argument, narrative, or theme, even if you actually use only a section of it. But sometimes you will want to cite an independent essay or chapter if that is the part most relevant to your research. By doing so, you help readers see how the source fits into your project.

R:

✵ Nishizaki, Yoshinori. 2015. “Big Is Good: The Banharn-Jaemsai Observatory Tower in Suphanburi.” In A Sarong for Clio: Essays on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Thailand—Inspired by Craig J. Reynolds, edited by Maurizio Peleggi, 143—62. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

P:

✵ (Nishizaki 2015, 143)

instead of

R:

✵ Peleggi, Maurizio, ed. 2015. A Sarong for Clio: Essays on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Thailand—Inspired by Craig J. Reynolds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

P:

✵ (Peleggi 2015, 143)

19.1.9.1 PARTS OF SINGLE-AUTHOR BOOKS. If you cite a chapter or other titled part of a single-author book, the reference list should include the title of the part first, in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the designation In, give the book title, followed by the full span of page numbers for that part.

R:

✵ Gay, Roxane. 2014. “The Careless Language of Sexual Violence.” In Bad Feminist, 128—136. New York: Harper Perennial.

Some books attributed to a single author include a separately authored part with a generic title such as preface or afterword. To cite such a part, add that term before the title of the book in roman type without quotation marks, and capitalize the first word only. Parenthetical citations mention only the part author’s name.

R:

✵ Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood, ix—xv. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

P:

✵ (Calhoun 2005, xii)

If the author of the generic part is the same as the author of the book, however, cite the book as a whole in the reference list, not just the part (the part, if relevant, can be mentioned in the text).

19.1.9.2 PARTS OF EDITED COLLECTIONS. In a reference list, if you cite part of an edited collection with contributions by multiple authors, first list the part author, the date, and the part title (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks). After the designation In, give the book title, the name of the editor, and the full span of page numbers for that part. Parenthetical citations mention only the part author’s name.

R:

✵ Binkley, Cameron. 2011. “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900—1925.” In California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, edited by Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson, 151—74. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

P:

✵ (Binkley 2011, 155)

If you cite two or more contributions to the same edited collection, you may use a space-saving shortened form. In your reference list, provide a full citation for the whole book and shortened citations for each individual part. For the latter, provide the full author’s name, the publication date, and the full title of the part; after the designation In, add the shortened name of the book’s editor, the publication date, and the full span of page numbers for that part.

R:

✵ Bruegmann, Robert. 2008. “Built Environment of the Chicago Region.” In Keating 2008, 76—314.

✵ Keating, Ann Durkin, ed. 2008. Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✵ Reiff, Janice, L. 2008. “Contested Spaces.” In Keating 2008, 55—63.

If you use this form, your parenthetical citations should refer to the parts only, not to the book as a whole.

19.1.9.3 WORKS IN ANTHOLOGIES. Cite a short story, poem, essay, or other work published in an anthology in the same way you would a contribution to an edited collection with multiple authors. Give the titles of most works published in anthologies in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. An exception is a book-length poem or prose work that is anthologized in full or in part; its title should be italicized (see 22.3.2).

R:

✵ Allende, Isabel. 1997. “The Spirits Were Willing.” In The Oxford Book of Latin American Essays, edited by Ilan Stavans, 461—67. New York: Oxford University Press.

✵ Wigglesworth, Michael. 2003. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. In The New Anthology of American Poetry, vol. 1, Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod, Camille Roman, and Thomas Travisano, 68—74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

P:

✵ (Allende 1997, 463—64)

✵ (Wigglesworth 2003, 68)

If the original publication date of a work is important in the context of your paper, include it in brackets before the anthology’s publication date in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R:

✵ Wigglesworth, Michael. [1662] 2003. Excerpt from . . .

P:

✵ (Wigglesworth [1662] 2003, 68)

19.1.9.4 LETTERS AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS IN PUBLISHED COLLECTIONS. Cite a letter, memorandum, or other such item in a published collection by the date of the collection. (For unpublished personal communications, see 19.6.2; for unpublished letters in manuscript collections, see 19.7.4.) The word letter is unnecessary, but label other forms, such as a report or memorandum. Give the title and other data for the collection in the usual form for an edited book. The dates of individual correspondence should be woven into the text.

R:

✵ James, Henry. 1984. Letters. Edited by Leon Edel. Vol. 4, 1895—1916. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

✵ White, E. B. 1976. Letters of E. B. White. Edited by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. New York: Harper & Row.

In a letter to Edith Wharton on November 8, 1905 (James 1984, 373), James wrote . . .

White (1976, 273) sent Ross an interoffice memo on May 2, 1946, pointing out that . . .

19.1.10 Electronic Books

Electronic books, or e-books, are cited just like print books, as discussed throughout 19.1. In addition, you will need to include information about the format you consulted. If you read the book online, include a URL. If you consulted the book in a commercial database, you can instead give the name of the database. See 15.4.1 for more details.

On the other hand, if you downloaded a book from Amazon or Apple or the like in a format that requires a specific app or device, include that information instead.

Many e-book formats lack fixed page numbers. Avoid citing app- or device-specific screen or location numbers, which may not be the same for others even if they consult the same format. Instead, cite by chapter or section number (see 19.1.8.1) or, if these are unnumbered, by the name of the chapter or section (see 19.1.9). Especially for a frequently cited source, it may be better simply to consult a version that reproduces the pagination of a printed edition. In the Dostoevsky example below, the page images from the Internet Archive are easier to cite than the reflowable Project Gutenberg text, and because they reproduce the original text exactly, they are also more authoritative.

R:

✵ Crispin, Jessa. 2015. The Dead Ladies Project: Exiles, Expats, and Ex-Countries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Adobe Digital Editions PDF.

✵ Davis, Janet M. 2016. The Gospel of Kindness: Animal Welfare and the Making of Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733156.001.0001.

✵ Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 2012. Crime and Punishment/ Translated by Constance Garnett. Project Gutenberg. Last updated November 5, 2012. http://gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm.

or, better,

✵ Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 1917. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Constance Garnett. Edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

✵ Gladwell, Malcolm. 2008. Outliers: The Story of Success. Boston: Little, Brown, 2008. Kindle.

✵ Lee, Harper. 2015. Go Set a Watchman. New York: Harper. iBooks.

✵ Schlosser, Eric. 2001. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ProQuest Ebrary.

P:

✵ (Crispin 2015, 100—101)

✵ (Davis 2016, 144—45)

✵ (Dostoevsky 2012, pt. 6, chap. 1)

or, better,

✵ (Dostoevsky 1917, 444)

✵ (Gladwell 2008, 193)

✵ (Lee 2015, chap. 19)

✵ (Schlosser 2001, 88)