A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations, Ninth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2018

A note to students

Preface

Research and writing

Overview of part I

What research is and how researchers think about it

What research is

How researchers think about their aims

Conversing with your readers

Defining a project: topic, question, problem, working hypothesis

Find a question in your topic

Understanding research problems

Propose a working hypothesis

Build a storyboard to plan and guide your work

Join or organize a writing group

Finding useful sources

Three kinds of sources and their uses

Search for sources systematically

Evaluate sources for relevance and reliability

Look beyond the usual kinds of references

Record your sources fully, accurately, and appropriately

Engaging your sources

Read generously to understand, then critically to engage

Take notes systematically

Take useful notes

Review your progress

Manage moments of normal anxiety

Constructing your argument

What a research argument is and is not

Build your argument around answers to readers’ questions

Turn your working hypothesis into a claim

Assemble the elements of your argument

Prefer arguments based on evidence to arguments based on warrants

Assemble an argument

Planning a first draft

Avoid unhelpful plans

Create a plan that meets your readers’ needs

File away leftovers

Drafting your paper

Draft in the way that feels most comfortable

Develop effective writing habits

Keep yourself on track through headings and key terms

Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately

Integrate quotations into your text

Use footnotes and endnotes judiciously

Show how complex or detailed evidence is relevant

Be open to surprises

Guard against inadvertent plagiarism

Guard against inappropriate assistance

Work through chronic procrastination and writer’s block

Presenting evidence in tables and figures

Choose verbal or visual representations of your data

Choose the most effective graphic

Design tables and figures

Communicating data ethically

Revising your draft

Check for blind spots in your argument

Check your introduction, conclusion, and claim

Make sure the body of your paper is coherent

Check your paragraphs

Let your draft cool, then paraphrase it

Writing your final introduction and conclusion

Draft your final introduction

Draft your final conclusion

Write your title last

Revising sentences

Focus on the first seven or eight words of a sentence

Diagnose what you read

Choose the right word

Polish it up

Give it up and turn it in

Learning from comments on your paper

Two kinds of feedback: advice and data

Find general principles in specific comments

Talk with your reader

Presenting research in alternative forums

Plan your oral presentation

Design your presentation to be listened to

Plan your poster presentation

Plan your conference proposal

On the spirit of research

Source citation

General introduction to citation practices

Reasons for citing your sources

The requirements of citation

Two citation styles

Electronic sources

Preparation of citations

Citation management tools

Notes-bibliography style: the basic form

Basic patterns

Bibliographies

Notes

Short forms for notes

Notes-bibliography style: citing specific types of sources

Books

Journal articles

Magazine articles

Newspaper articles

Websites, blogs, and social media

Interviews and personal communications

Papers, lectures, and manuscript collections

Older works and sacred works

Reference works and secondary citations

Sources in the visual and performing arts

Public documents

Author-date style: the basic form

Basic patterns

Reference lists

Parenthetical citations

Author-date style: citing specific types of sources

Books

Journal articles

Magazine articles

Newspaper articles

Websites, blogs, and social media

Interviews and personal communications

Papers, lectures, and manuscript collections

Older works and sacred works

Reference works and secondary citations

Sources in the visual and performing arts

Public documents

Style

Spelling

Plurals

Possessives

Compounds and words formed with prefixes

Line breaks

Punctuation

Periods

Commas

Semicolons

Colons

Question marks

Exclamation points

Hyphens and dashes

Parentheses and brackets

Slashes

Quotation marks

Apostrophes

Multiple punctuation marks

Names, special terms, and titles of works

Names

Special terms

Titles of works

Numbers

Words or numerals?

Plurals and punctuation

Date systems

Numbers used outside the text

Abbreviations

General principles

Names and titles

Geographical terms

Time and dates

Units of measure

The bible and other sacred works

Abbreviations in citations and other scholarly contexts

Quotations

Quoting accurately and avoiding plagiarism

Incorporating quotations into your text

Modifying quotations

Tables and figures

General issues

Tables

Figures

Appendix: Paper format and submission

General format requirements

Format requirements for specific elements

File preparation and submission requirements

Bibliography

Authors