APA list of references - Documenting sources in APA style - Writing Papers in APA Style

Rules for writers, Tenth edition - Diana Hacker, Nancy Sommers 2021

APA list of references
Documenting sources in APA style
Writing Papers in APA Style

✵ List of APA reference list models

✵ General guidelines for the reference list

As you gather sources for an assignment, you will likely find them in print, on the web, and in other places. The information you will need for the reference list at the end of your paper will differ slightly for some sources, but the main principles apply to all sources: You should identify an author, a creator, or a producer whenever possible, give a title, and provide the date on which the source was produced. In most cases, you will provide page numbers or other locator or retrieval information.

Section 62b provides specific requirements for and examples of many of the sources you are likely to encounter. When you cite sources, your goals are to show that the sources you’ve used are reliable and relevant to your work, to provide your readers with enough information so that they can find your sources easily, and to provide that information in a consistent way according to APA conventions.

In the list of references, include only sources that you quote, summarize, or paraphrase in your paper.

In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited, which appears at the end of the paper, is titled “References.” In general, an APA-style reference consists of four parts:

✵ the author’s (or authors’) name(s).

✵ the date of publication.

✵ the title of the work.

✵ the source of the work (the retrieval information).

Insert a period following each of these four parts.

Authors and dates

✵ The author is the person or people most responsible for the work: For a book or article, for example, the author is the person or people who wrote it; for a movie, the person most responsible is the director; for a government report, the author might be the specific agency that produced the work.

✵ Alphabetize entries in the list of references by authors’ last names; if a work has no author, alphabetize it by its title.

✵ For all authors’ names, put the last name first, followed by a comma; use initials for the first and middle names.

✵ With two or more authors, separate the names with commas. Include names for up to twenty authors, with an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. For twenty-one or more authors, list the first nineteen authors, an ellipsis, and the last author.

✵ If the author is a company or an organization, give the name in normal order.

✵ Put the date of publication immediately after the first element of the citation. Enclose the date in parentheses, followed by a period (outside the parentheses).

✵ Use the date as given in the publication. Generally, give the year for books and journals (2021); the year and month for monthly magazines (2021, April); and the year, month, and day for weekly magazines and for newspapers (2021, April 9). Use the season when a publication gives the season. For web sources, use the date of posting, if it is available. Use “(n.d.)” if no date is given.

Titles

✵ Italicize the titles and subtitles of books, journals, and other stand-alone works. If a book title contains another book title or an article title, do not italicize the internal title and do not put quotation marks around it.

✵ Use no italics or quotation marks for the titles of articles. If an article title contains another article title or a term usually placed in quotation marks, use quotation marks around the internal title or term. If it contains a title or term usually italicized, place the title or term in italics.

✵ For books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and all proper nouns.

✵ For the titles of journals, magazines, and newspapers, capitalize all words of four letters or more (and all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs of any length).

Source information

✵ In publishers’ names, omit business designations such as “Inc.” or “Ltd.” Otherwise, write the publisher’s name exactly how it appears in the source.

✵ For online sources, list the name of the website in the publisher position: Twitter; YouTube; U.S. Census Bureau.

✵ If the publisher is the same as the author, do not repeat the name in the publisher position.

✵ Provide locations only for works associated with a single location (such as a conference presentation).

✵ Include the volume and issue numbers for any journals, magazines, or other periodicals that have them. Italicize the volume number and put the issue number, not italicized, in parentheses: 26(2).

✵ When an article appears on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages: 87—96. When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give all page numbers: A1, A17.

✵ Use “p.” and “pp.” only before page numbers for selections in edited books. Do not use “p.” and “pp.” with magazines, journals, and newspapers.

URLs, DOIs, and other retrieval information

✵ For articles and books from the web, use the DOI (digital object identifier) if the source has one. If a source does not have a DOI, give the URL.

✵ If a URL or DOI is long and complicated and your readers are not likely to be able to use it to access the source, you may use a permalink (if the website provides one) or create one using a shortening service such as shortdoi.org or bitly.com.

✵ Use a retrieval date for a web source only if the content is likely to change (such as content on a website’s home page or in a social media profile).

General guidelines for listing authors

The formatting of authors’ names in items 1—11 applies to all sources in print and on the web — books, articles, websites, and so on. For more models of specific source types, see items 12—59.

1. Single author

✵ Yanagihara, H. (2015). A little life. Doubleday.

2. Two to twenty authors

List up to twenty authors by last names followed by initials. Use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. (See items 4 and 5 in 62a for citing works with multiple authors in the text of your paper.)

✵ Kim, E. H., Hollon, S. D., & Olatunji, B. O. (2016). Clinical errors in cognitive-behavior therapy. Psychotherapy, 53(3), 325—330. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000074

3. Twenty-one or more authors

List the first nineteen authors, followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the last author’s name.

✵ Sharon, G., Cruz, N. J., Kang, D.-W., Gandal, M. J., Wang, B., Kim, Y.-M., Zink, E. M., Casey, C. P., Taylor, B. C., Lane, C. J., Bramer, L. M., Isern, N. G., Hoyt, D. W., Noecker, C., Sweredoski, M. J., Moradian, A., Borenstein, E., Jansson, J. K., Knight, R., . . . Mazmanian, S. K. (2019). Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice. Cell, 177(6), 1600—1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.004

4. Organization as author

✵ American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

5. Unknown author

Begin the entry with the work’s title. Alphabetize by the first word in the title (not including the articles “The,” “A,” or “An”).

✵ Pushed out. (2019, August 24). The Economist, 432(9157), 19—20.

6. Author using a screen name, pen name, or stage name

Use the author’s real name, if known, and give the screen name or pen name in brackets exactly as it appears in the source. If only the screen name is known, begin with that name and do not use brackets. (See also items 58 and 59 on citing screen names in social media.)

✵ dr.zachary.smith. (2019, October 3). What problem are they trying to solve? [Comment on the article “Georgia is purging voter rolls again”]. Slate. https://fyre.it/sjSPFyza.4

If the author uses just a single name (“Prince,” “Sophocles”) or a two-part name in which the two parts are essential (“Cardi B”), give the name with no abbreviations or alterations.

7. Two or more works by the same author

Use the author’s name for all entries. List the entries by year, the earliest first.

✵ Abdurraqib, H. (2017). They can’t kill us until they kill us. Two Dollar Radio.

✵ Abdurraqib, H. (2021). A little devil in America: Notes in praise of Black performance. Random House.

8. Two or more works by the same author in the same year

List the works by date. In the parentheses, add “a,” “b,” and so on after the year. (Use these same letters when giving the year in the in-text citations.) If the works have identical dates, list the works alphabetically by title. (See also item 9 in 62a.)

✵ Conover, E. (2019a, June 8). Gold’s origins tied to collapsars. Science News, 195(10), 10. https://bit.ly/31JTgKD

✵ Conover, E. (2019b, June 22). Space flames may hold secrets to soot-free fire. Science News, 195(11), 5. https://bit.ly/2p0Xj89

9. Editor

Begin with the name(s) of the editor(s); place the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.” for more than one editor) in parentheses following the name(s).

✵ Yeh, K.-H. (Ed.). (2019). Asian indigenous psychologies in the global context. Palgrave Macmillan.

10. Author and editor

Begin with the author and the date. After the title, place the name(s) of the editor(s) and the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.”) in parentheses.

✵ Sontag, S. (2018). Debriefing: Collected stories (B. Taylor, Ed.). Picador.

11. Translator

Begin with the name of the author. After the title, in parentheses place the name of the translator (in normal order) and the abbreviation “Trans.” (for “Translator”). Add the original date of publication at the end of the entry.

✵ Calasso, R. (2019). The unnamable present (R. Dixon, Trans.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (Original work published 2017)

Articles and other short works

✵ Citation at a glance: Online article in a journal or magazine

✵ Citation at a glance: Article from a database

12. Article in a journal

After the author’s name, provide the title of the article first, followed by the title of the publication and other publication information. Include the volume and issue numbers and the article’s page range. If an article from the web has no DOI, include the URL for the article. If an article from a database has no DOI, do not include a URL. See the models below.

a. Print

✵ Ganegoda, D. B., & Bordia, P. (2019). I can be happy for you, but not all the time: A contingency model of envy and positive empathy in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(6), 776—795.

b. Web

✵ Bruns, A. (2019). The third shift: Multiple job holding and the incarceration of women’s partners. Social Science Research, 80(1), 202—215. https://doi.org/dfgj

✵ Vicary, A. M., & Larsen, A. (2018). Potential factors influencing attitudes toward veterans who commit crimes: An experimental investigation of PTSD in the legal system. Current Research in Social Psychology, 26(2). https://www.uiowa.edu/crisp/sites/uiowa.edu.crisp/files/crisp_vol_26_2.pdf

VIDEO

For more details about citing online articles, watch "How to cite an online article in APA style."

c. Database

✵ Maftsir, S. (2019). Emotional change: Romantic love and the university in postcolonial Egypt. Journal of Social History, 52(3), 831—859. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx155

VIDEO

For more details on where to find citation information in databases, watch "How to cite an article in a database in APA style."

13. Article in a magazine

Include full publication date of the magazine, plus the volume and issue numbers and page range if available. If an article from the web has no DOI, use the URL for the article. If an article from a database has no DOI, do not include a URL.

a. Print

✵ Andersen, R. (2019, April). The intention machine: A new generation of brain-machine interface can deduce what a person wants. Scientific American, 320(4), 24—31.

b. Web

✵ Srinivasan, D. (2019, June 4). How digital advertising markets really work. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/article/how-digital-advertising-markets-really-work

c. Database

✵ Greengard, S. (2019, August). The algorithm that changed quantum machine learning. Communications of the ACM, 62(8), 15—17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3339458

14. Article in a newspaper

Include the full publication date and the page and section, if available.

a. Print

✵ Finucane, M. (2019, September 25). Americans still eating too many low-quality carbs. The Boston Globe, B2.

b. Web

✵ Daly, J. (2019, August 2). Duquesne’s med school plan part of national trend to train more doctors. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://bit.ly/2CbUZ0X

CITATION AT A GLANCE

Online article in a journal or magazine

To cite an online article in a journal or magazine in APA style, include the following elements:

1. Author(s)

2. Year of publication for journal; complete date for magazine

3. Title and subtitle of article

4. Name of journal or magazine

5. Volume and issue numbers

6. DOI (digital object identifier), if article has one; otherwise, URL for article

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For more on citing online articles in APA style, see items 12—14.

CITATION AT A GLANCE

Article from a database

To cite an article from a database in APA style, include the following elements:

1. Author(s)

2. Year of publication for journal; complete date for magazine or newspaper

3. Title and subtitle of article

4. Name of periodical

5. Volume and issue numbers

6. Page number(s)

7. DOI (digital object identifier)

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For more on citing articles from a database in APA style, see items 12—13.

15. Comment on an online article

Include the first twenty words of the comment, followed by the title of the source article in brackets.

✵ lollyl2. (2019, September 25). My husband works in IT in a major city down South. He is a permanent employee now, but for years [Comment on the article “The Google workers who voted to unionize in Pittsburgh are part of tech’s huge contractor workforce”]. Slate. https://fyre.it/0RT8HmeL

16. Supplemental material

If an article on the web contains supplemental material that is not part of the main article, cite the material as you would an article and add the label “Supplemental material” in brackets following the title.

✵ Blasi, D. E., Moran, S., Moisik, S. R., Widmer, P., Dediu, D., & Bickel, B. (2019). Human sound systems are shaped by post-Neolithic changes in bite configuration [Supplemental material]. Science, 363(6432). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3218

17. Letter to the editor

Insert the words “Letter to the editor” in brackets after the title of the letter. If the letter has no title, use [Letter to the editor] as the title.

✵ Doran, K. (2019, October 11). When the homeless look like grandma or grandpa [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/33foD0K

18. Editorial or other unsigned article

✵ Gavin Newsom wants to stop rent gouging. Will lawmakers finally stand up for tenants? [Editorial]. (2019, September 4). Los Angeles Times. https://lat.ms/2lBlRm1

19. Newsletter article

Cite as you would an article in a magazine, giving whatever retrieval information is available. If it is not clear that you are citing a newsletter, you may include the label “[Newsletter]” following the title.

✵ Bond, G. (2018, Fall). Celebrities as epidemiologists. American College of Epidemiology Online Member Newsletter. https://www.acepidemiology.org/assets/ACE_Newsletter_Fall_2018%20FINAL.pdf

20. Review

In brackets, give the type of work reviewed, the title, and the director for a film or the author for a book. If the review has no author or title, use the description in brackets as the title.

✵ Douthat, R. (2019, October 14). A hustle gone wrong [Review of the film Hustlers, by L. Scafaria, Dir.]. National Review, 71(18), 47.

✵ Hall, W. (2019). [Review of the book How to change your mind: The new science of psychedelics, by M. Pollan]. Addiction, 114(10), 1892—1893. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14702

21. Published interview

✵ Remnick, D. (2019, July 1). Robert Caro reflects on Robert Moses, L.B.J., and his own career in nonfiction. The New Yorker. https://bit.ly/2Lukm3X

22. Article in a reference work (encyclopedia, dictionary, wiki)

When referencing an online, undated reference work entry, include the retrieval date. When referencing a work with archived versions, like Wikipedia, use the date and URL of the archived version you read.

✵ Brue, A. W., & Wilmshurst, L. (2018). Adaptive behavior assessments. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (pp. 40—44). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139.n21

✵ Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Adscititious. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adscititious

✵ Behaviorism. (2019, October 11). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behaviorism&oldid=915544724

23. Paper or poster presented at a conference or meeting (unpublished)

✵ Wood, M. (2019, January 3—6). The effects of an adult development course on students’ perceptions of aging [Poster session]. Forty-First Annual National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, St. Pete Beach, FL, United States. https://nitop.org/resources/Documents/2019%20Poster%20Session%20II.pdf

Books and other long works

✵ Citation at a glance: Book

24. Basic format for a book

a. Print

✵ Treuer, D. (2019). The heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the present. Riverhead Books.

VIDEO

Watch "How to cite a book in APA style" for tips on citing books.

b. Web (or online library)

Give the URL for the page where you accessed the book.

✵ Obama, M. (2018). Becoming. Crown. https://books.google.com/books?id=YbtNDwAAQBAJ

c. E-book

Include the DOI or, if a DOI is not available, the URL for the page from which you downloaded the book.

✵ Coates, T.-N. (2017). We were eight years in power: An American tragedy. One World. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MT734OD/

d. Database

If the book has a DOI, include it. If not, do not list a URL or database name.

✵ Kilby, P. (2019). The green revolution: Narratives of politics, technology and gender. Routledge. http://doi.org/dfgt

Book

To cite a print book in APA style, include the following elements:

1. Author(s)

2. Year of publication

3. Title and subtitle

4. Publisher

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For more on citing books in APA style, see items 24—30.

25. Edition other than the first

Include the edition number (abbreviated) in parentheses after the title.

✵ Dessler, A. E., & Parson, E. A. (2019). The science and politics of global climate change: A guide to the debate (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

26. Selection in an anthology or a collection

An anthology is a collection of works on a common theme, often with different authors for the selections and usually with an editor for the entire volume.

a. Entire anthology

✵ Lindert, J., & Marsoobian, A. T. (Eds.). (2018). Multidisciplinary perspectives on genocide and memory. Springer.

b. Selection in an anthology

✵ Pettigrew, D. (2018). The suppression of cultural memory and identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In J. Lindert & A. T. Marsoobian (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on genocide and memory (pp. 187—198). Springer.

27. Multivolume work

If you have used only one volume of a multivolume work, indicate the volume number after the title of the complete work; if the volume has its own title, add that title after the volume number.

a. All volumes

✵ Zeigler-Hill, V., & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences (Vols. I—III). SAGE Publications.

b. One volume, with title

✵ Zeigler-Hill, V., & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences: Vol. II. Origins of personality and individual differences. SAGE Publications.

28. Dictionary or other reference work

✵ Leong, F. T. L. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of counseling (Vols. 1—4). SAGE Publications.

29. Republished book

✵ Fremlin, C. (2017). The hours before dawn. Dover Publications. (Original work published 1958)

30. Book in a language other than English

Place the English translation, not italicized, in brackets.

✵ Carminati, G. G., & Méndez, A. (2012). Étapes de vie, étapes de soins [Stages of life, stages of care]. Médecine & Hygiène.

31. Dissertation

If you accessed the dissertation from a specialty database, indicate it at the end of the citation.

✵ Bacaksizlar, N. G. (2019). Understanding social movements through simulations of anger contagion in social media [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Charlotte]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

32. Conference proceedings

✵ Srujan Raju, K., Govardhan, A., Padmaja Rani, B., Sridevi, R., & Ramakrishna Murty, M. (Eds.). (2018). Proceedings of the third international conference on computational intelligence and informatics. Springer.

33. Government document

If no author is listed, begin with the department that produced the document. Any broader organization listed can be included as the publisher of the document, as in the first example below. If a specific report number is provided, include it after the title.

✵ National Park Service. (2019, April 11). Travel where women made history: Ordinary and extraordinary places of American women. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/travelwomenshistory/index.htm

✵ Berchick, E. R., Barnett, J. C., & Upton, R. D. (2019, September 10). Health insurance coverage in the United States: 2018 (Report No. P60-267). U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-267.html

34. Report from a private organization

✵ Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program. (2019). Leveraging higher education to promote social justice: Evidence from the IFP alumni tracking study. https://p.widencdn.net/kei61u/IFP-Alumni-Tracking-Study-Report-5

35. Legal source

The title of a court case is italicized in an in-text citation, but it is not italicized in the reference list.

✵ Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950). http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0339_0629_ZS.html

36. Sacred or classical text

Cite a sacred or classical text as a book, using the title, year, and editor/translator (if any) of the version you are using. If an original date is known, include it at the end of the citation. If the year is approximate, include “ca.” (for “circa”); use “B.C.E.” for ancient texts.

The Holy Bible 1611 edition: King James version. (2006). Hendrickson Publishers. (Original work published 1611)

✵ Homer. (2018). The odyssey (E. Wilson, Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published ca. 725—675 B.C.E.)

Websites and parts of websites

✵ Citation at a glance: Page from a website

37. Entire website

If you retrieved specific information from the home page of a website, include the website name, retrieval date, and URL in your reference list entry. If you only mention the website in the body of your paper, do not include it in your reference list. See items 14 and 15 in 62a for advice about how to cite web sources in the text of your paper.

38. Page from a website

Use one of the models below only when your source doesn’t fit into any other category. These models are for content found on an interior page of a website and not published elsewhere. The website name follows the page title unless the author and website name are the same.

✵ National Institute of Mental Health. (2016, March). Seasonal affective disorder. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/seasonal-affective-disorder/index.shtml

✵ BBC News. (2019, October 31). California fires: Goats help save Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50248549

Page from a website

To cite a page from a website in APA style, include the following elements:

1. Author(s)

2. Date of publication or most recent update (“n.d.” if there is no date)

3. Title of web page

4. Name of website (if not the same as author)

5. URL of web page

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For more on citing documents from websites in APA style, see items 37—39.

39. Document on a website

Most documents published on websites fall into other categories, such as an article, a government document, or a report from an organization (items 12—14, 33, and 34).

✵ Tahseen, M., Ahmed, S., & Ahmed, S. (2018). Bullying of Muslim youth: A review of research and recommendations. The Family and Youth Institute. http://www.thefyi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ FYI-Bullying-Report.pdf

VIDEO

For more details about citing documents from a website, watch "How to cite a web document in APA style."

40. Blog post

Cite a blog post as you would an article in a periodical. Treat a comment on a blog post as you would a comment on an online article (see item 15).

✵ Fister, B. (2019, February 14). Information literacy’s third wave. Library Babel Fish. https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy%E2%80%99s-third-wave

Audio, visual, and multimedia sources

41. Podcast

a. Series

✵ Abumrad, J., Miller, L., & Nasser, L. (Hosts). (2002—present). Radiolab [Audio podcast]. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/podcasts

b. Episode

✵ Longoria, J. (Host & Producer). (2019, April 19). Americanish [Audio podcast episode]. In J. Abumrad & R. Krulwich (Hosts), Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/americanish

42. Video or audio on the web (YouTube, TED Talk)

· Wray, B. (2019, May). How climate change affects your mental health [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/britt_wray_how_climate_change_affects_your_mental_health

43. Transcript of an audio or video file

✵ Gopnik, A. (2019, July 10). A separate kind of intelligence [Video transcript]. Edge. https://www.edge.org/conversation/alison_ gopnik-a-separate-kind-of-intelligence

44. Film

If the film is a special version, such as an extended cut, include that information in brackets after the title.

✵ Peele, J. (Director). (2017). Get out [Film]. Universal Pictures.

✵ Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1959). The essentials collection: North by northwest [Film; special ed. on DVD]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.

45. TV or radio series or episode

✵ Waller-Bridge, P., Williams, H., & Williams, J. (Executive Producers). (2016—2019). Fleabag [TV series]. Two Brothers Pictures; BBC.

✵ Waller-Bridge, P. (Writer), & Bradbeer, H. (Director). (2019, March 18). The provocative request (Season 2, Episode 3) [TV series episode]. In P. Waller-Bridge, H. Williams, & J. Williams (Executive Producers), Fleabag. Two Brothers Pictures; BBC.

46. Music recording

✵ Nielsen, C. (2014). Carl Nielsen: Symphonies 1 & 4 [Album recorded by New York Philharmonic Orchestra]. Dacapo Records. (Original work published 1892—1916)

✵ Carlile, B. (2018). The mother [Song]. On By the way, I forgive you. Low Country Sound; Elektra.

47. Lecture, speech, address, or recorded interview

Cite the speaker or interviewee as the author.

✵ Warren, E. (2019, September 16). Senator Elizabeth Warren speech in Washington Square Park [Speech video recording]. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span.org/video/?464314-1/senator-elizabeth- warren-campaigns-york-city

48. Data set or graphic representation of data (chart, table)

✵ Reid, L. (2019). Smarter homes: Experiences of living in low carbon homes 2013—2018 [Data set]. UK Data Service. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-853485

✵ Pew Research Center. (2018, November 15). U.S. public is closely divided about overall health risk from food additives [Chart]. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2018/11/19/public-perspectives-on-food-risks/

49. Mobile app

Begin with the developer of the app, if known.

✵ Google. (2019). Google Earth (Version 9.3.3) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/google-earth/id293622097

50. Video game

✵ ConcernedApe. (2016). Stardew Valley [Video game]. Chucklefish.

51. Map

✵ Desjardins, J. (2017, November 17). Walmart nation: Mapping the largest employers in the U.S. [Map]. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/walmart-nation-mapping-largest-employers-u-s/

52. Advertisement

✵ America’s Biopharmaceutical Companies [Advertisement]. (2018, September). The Atlantic, 322(2), 2.

✵ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). A tip from a former smoker: Beatrice [Advertisement]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/resources/ads/pdf-print-ads/beatrices-tip-print-ad-7x10.pdf

53. Work of art or photograph

When citing a physical piece of art, include the location of the piece.

✵ O’Keeffe, G. (1931). Cow’s skull: Red, white, and blue [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/488694

✵ Browne, M. (1963). The burning monk [Photograph]. Time. http://100photos.time.com/photos/malcolm-browne-burning-monk

54. Brochure or fact sheet

✵ National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2018). A nurse manager’s guide to substance use disorder in nursing [Brochure].

✵ World Health Organization. (2019, July 15). Immunization coverage [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage

55. Press release

✵ New York University. (2019, September 5). NYU Oral Cancer Center awarded $2.5 million NIH grant to study cancer pain [Press release]. https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2019/september/nyu-oral-cancer-center-awarded--2-5-million-nih-grant-to-study-c.html

56. Lecture notes or other course materials

Cite posted materials as you would a document on a website (see item 39). Cite material from your instructor that is not available to others as personal communication in the text of your paper (see item 16 in 62a).

✵ Chatterjee, S., Constenla, D., Kinghorn, A., & Mayora, C. (2018). Teaching vaccine economics everywhere: Costing in vaccine planning and programming [Lecture notes and slides]. Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University. http://ocw.jhsph.edu/index.cfm/go/viewCourse/course/TeachVaccEconCosting/coursePage/lectureNotes/

Personal communication and social media

57. Email

Email messages, letters, and other personal communication are not included in the list of references. See item 16 in 62a for citing these sources in the text of your paper.

58. Social media post (Twitter, Instagram)

If the writer’s real name and screen name are given, put the real name first, followed by the screen name in brackets. If only the screen name is known, begin with the screen name without brackets. For the title, include up to the first twenty words (including hashtags or emojis) of the title, caption, or post. After the title, list any attachments (such as a photo or link) and the type of post in separate brackets. List the website or app in the publisher position. Include the URL for the post. Cite posts that are not accessible to all readers as personal communication in the text of your paper.

✵ National Science Foundation [@NSF]. (2019, October 13). Understanding how forest structure drives carbon sequestration is important for ecologists, climate modelers and forest managers, who are working on [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NSF/status/1183388649263652864

✵ Smithsonian [@smithsonian]. (2019, October 7). You’re looking at a ureilite meteorite under a microscope. When illuminated with polarized light, they appear in dazzling colors, influenced [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B3VI27yHLQG/

59. Social media profile or highlight

Because profiles are designed to change over time, include the date you viewed the page.

✵ National Science Foundation [@NSF]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved August 15, 2021 from https://twitter.com/NSF

✵ Smithsonian [@smithsonian]. (n.d.). #Apollo50 [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17902787752343364/