Rules for writers, Tenth edition - Diana Hacker, Nancy Sommers 2021
Answers to lettered exercises
EXERCISE 6—2
a. hasty generalization;
b. false analogy;
c. either/or fallacy;
d. stereotypes;
e. non sequitur
EXERCISE 8—1
Possible revisions:
a. The Prussians defeated the Saxons in 1745.
b. Ahmed, the producer, manages the entire operation.
c. The tour guides expertly paddled the sea kayaks.
d. Emphatic and active; no change
e. The senator heard the protesters’ shouts as she walked up the Capitol steps.
EXERCISE 8—2
a. passive;
b. active;
c. passive;
d. active;
e. active
EXERCISE 9—1
Possible revisions:
a. Bluetooth technology is used with personal computers, mobile phones, and audio devices.
b. Hannah told her rock-climbing partner that she bought a new harness and that she wanted to climb Otter Cliffs.
c. It is more difficult to sustain an exercise program than to start one.
d. During basic training, I was told not only what to do but also what to think.
e. Jan wanted to drive to the wine country or at least to Sausalito.
EXERCISE 10—1
Possible revisions:
a. A grapefruit or an orange is a good source of vitamin C.
b. The golden eagle’s wingspan is nearly as wide as the bald eagle’s.
c. Looking out the family room window, Sarah saw that her favorite tree, which she had climbed as a child, was gone.
d. The graphic designers are interested in and knowledgeable about producing posters for the balloon race.
e. The Great Barrier Reef is larger than any other coral reef in the world.
EXERCISE 11—1
Possible revisions:
a. Using surgical gloves is a precaution now taken by dentists to prevent contact with patients’ blood and saliva.
b. A career in medicine, which my brother is pursuing, requires at least ten years of challenging work.
c. The pharaohs had bad teeth because tiny particles of sand found their way into Egyptian bread.
d. Recurring bouts of flu caused the team to forfeit a record number of games.
e. This box contains the key to your future.
EXERCISE 12—1
Possible revisions:
a. The manager asked her employees to submit their reports on Friday if they had time.
b. Many students graduate from college with debt totaling more than fifty thousand dollars.
c. It is a myth that humans use only 10 percent of their brains.
d. When Daria looked in the closet, she found the old nightgown she used to wear to sleep.
e. Not all geese fly beyond Narragansett for the winter.
EXERCISE 12—2
Possible revisions:
a. To complete an online purchase with a credit card, you must enter the expiration date and the security code.
b. Though Martha was only sixteen, UCLA accepted her application.
c. As I settled in the cockpit, the pounding of the engine was muffled only slightly by my helmet.
d. After studying polymer chemistry, Phuong found computer games less complex.
e. When I was a young man, my mother enrolled me in ballet and tap dance classes.
EXERCISE 13—3
Possible revisions:
a. An incredibly talented musician, Ray Charles mastered R&B, soul, and gospel styles. He even performed country music well.
b. Environmentalists point out that shrimp farming in Southeast Asia is polluting water and making farmlands useless. They warn that governments must act before it is too late.
c. We observed the samples for five days before we detected any growth. Or The samples were observed for five days before any growth was detected.
d. In his famous soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates whether death would be preferable to his difficult life and, if so, whether he is capable of committing suicide.
e. The lawyer told the judge that Miranda Hale was innocent and asked that she be allowed to prove the allegations false. Or The lawyer told the judge, “Miranda Hale is innocent. Please allow her to prove the allegations false.”
EXERCISE 13—4
Possible revisions:
a. We want to play volleyball this afternoon, but we have to reserve the court through the fitness center before we can use it.
b. The interviewer asked if we had brought our proof of citizenship and our passports.
c. Experienced reconnaissance scouts know how to make fast decisions and use sophisticated equipment to keep their teams from being detected.
d. After the animators finish their scenes, the production designer arranges the clips according to the storyboard and makes synchronization notes for the sound editor and the composer.
e. Madame Defarge is a sinister figure in Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities. On a symbolic level, she represents fate; like the Greek Fates, she knits the fabric of individual destiny.
EXERCISE 14—1
Possible revisions:
a. Williams played for the Boston Red Sox from 1939 to 1960, and he managed the Washington Senators and Texas Rangers for several years after retiring as a player.
b. In 1941, Williams finished the season with a batting average of .406; no player has hit over .400 for a season since then.
c. Although he acknowledged that Joe DiMaggio was a better all-around player, Williams felt that he was a better hitter than DiMaggio.
d. Williams was a stubborn man; for example, he always refused to tip his cap to the crowd after a home run because he claimed that fans were fickle.
e. Williams’s relationship with the media was unfriendly at best; he sarcastically called baseball writers the “knights of the keyboard” in his memoir.
EXERCISE 14—2
Possible revisions:
a. The X-Men comic books and Japanese woodcuts of kabuki dancers, all part of Marlena’s research project on popular culture, covered the tabletop and the chairs.
b. Our waitress, costumed in a kimono, had painted her face white and arranged her hair in a lacquered beehive.
c. Students can apply for a spot in the leadership program, which teaches thinking and communication skills.
d. Shore houses were flooded up to the first floor, beaches were washed away, and Brant’s Lighthouse was swallowed by the sea.
e. Laura Thackray, an engineer at Volvo Car Corporation, addressed women’s safety needs by designing a pregnant crash-test dummy.
EXERCISE 14—3
Possible revisions:
a. These particles, known as “stealth liposomes,” can hide in the body for a long time without detection.
b. Irena, a competitive gymnast majoring in biochemistry, intends to apply her athletic experience and her science degree to a career in sports medicine.
c. Because students, textile workers, and labor unions have loudly protested sweatshop abuses, apparel makers have been forced to examine their labor practices.
d. Developed in a European university, IRC (Internet relay chat) was created as a way for a group of graduate students to talk about projects from their dorm rooms.
e. The cafeteria’s new menu, which has an international flavor, includes everything from pizza to pad thai.
EXERCISE 14—4
Possible revisions:
a. To help the relief effort, Gina distributed food and medical supplies.
b. Janbir, who spent every Saturday learning tabla drumming, noticed that with each hour of practice his memory for complex patterns was growing stronger.
c. When the rotor hit, it gouged a hole about an eighth of an inch deep in my helmet.
d. My grandfather, who was born eighty years ago in Puerto Rico, raised his daughters the old-fashioned way.
e. By reversing the depressive effect of the drug, the Narcan saved the patient’s life.
EXERCISE 15—1
Possible revisions:
a. Across the hall from the fossils exhibit are the exhibits for insects and spiders.
b. After growing up desperately poor, Sayuri becomes a successful geisha.
c. Researchers who have been studying Mount St. Helens for years believe that earthquakes may have caused the 1980 eruption.
d. Ice cream typically contains 10 percent milk fat, but premium ice cream may contain up to 16 percent milk fat and has less air in it.
e. If home values climb, the economy may recover quickly.
EXERCISE 16—1
Possible revisions:
a. Martin Luther King Jr. set a high standard for future leaders.
b. Alice has loved cooking since she could first peek over a kitchen tabletop.
c. Bloom’s race for the governorship is futile.
d. A successful graphic designer must have technical knowledge and an eye for color and balance.
e. You will deliver mail to all employees.
EXERCISE 17—1
Possible revisions:
a. When I was young, my family was poor.
b. This conference will help me serve my clients better.
c. I am unemployed because my company laid me off last fall.
d. Government studies show a need for after-school programs.
e. Let’s thoroughly analyze sales and share our findings.
EXERCISE 17—3
Possible revisions:
a. Dr. Geralyn Farmer is the chief surgeon at University Hospital. Dr. Paul Green is her assistant.
b. All applicants want to know how much they will earn.
c. Elementary school teachers should understand the concept of nurturing if they intend to be effective.
d. Obstetricians need to be available to their patients at all hours.
e. If we do not stop polluting our environment, we will perish.
NOTE: Since it is acceptable to use the pronoun they to refer to an indefinite pronoun or a generic noun, sentences b, c, and d could have alternative revisions. For example, this sentence is also acceptable: Every applicant wants to know how much they will earn.
EXERCISE 18—2
Possible revisions:
a. Queen Anne was so angry with Sarah Churchill that she refused to see her again.
b. Jean-Pierre is going to try to finish his sociology project this weekend.
c. The parade moved off the street and onto the beach.
d. The experienced hikers plan to make the dangerous trek across the mountains.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 18—3
Possible revisions:
a. John stormed into the room like a hurricane.
b. Some people insist that they’ll always be available to help, even when they haven’t been before.
c. The Cubs easily beat the Mets, who were in trouble early in the game today at Wrigley Field.
d. We worked out the problems in our relationship.
e. My mother accused me of evading her questions when in fact I was just saying the first thing that came to mind.
EXERCISE 19—1
Possible revisions:
a. Listening to the playlist her sister had created, Mia was overcome with a mix of emotions: happiness, homesickness, and nostalgia.
b. Cortés and his soldiers were astonished when they looked down from the mountains and saw Tenochtitlán, the magnificent capital of the Aztecs.
c. Although my spoken Spanish is not very good, I can read the language with ease.
d. There are several reasons for not eating meat. One reason is that dangerous chemicals are used throughout the various stages of meat production.
e. To learn how to sculpt beauty from everyday life is my intention in studying art and archaeology.
EXERCISE 20—1
Possible revisions:
a. Martina recently started working at a new company that designs and manufactures educational toys.
b. The building is being renovated, so at times we have no heat, water, or electricity.
c. I don’ think I will buy the new model of smartphone. Why spend the money when my current phone works perfectly?
d. Walker’s coming-of-age novel is set against a gloomy scientific backdrop; the earth’s rotation has begun to slow down.
e. City officials had good reason to fear a major earthquake: Most [or most] of the business district was built on landfill.
EXERCISE 20—2
Possible revisions:
a. Wind power for the home is a supplementary source of energy that can be combined with electricity, gas, or solar energy.
b. Correct
c. In the Middle Ages, when the streets of London were dangerous places, it was safer to travel by boat along the Thames.
d. “He’s not drunk,” I said. “He’s in a state of diabetic shock.”
e. Are you able to endure extreme angle turns, high speeds, frequent jumps, and occasional crashes? Then supermoto racing may be a sport for you.
EXERCISE 21—1
a. One of the main reasons for elephant poaching is the profits received from selling the ivory tusks.
b. Correct
c. A number of students in the seminar were aware of the importance of joining the discussion.
d. Batik cloth from Bali, blue and white ceramics from Delft, and a bocce ball from Turin have made Angelie’s room the talk of the dorm.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 22—1
Possible revisions:
a. Every presidential candidate must appeal to a wide variety of ethnic and social groups to win the election.
b. Either Tom Hanks or Denzel Washington will win an award for his lifetime achievement in cinema.
c. The aerobics teacher motioned for all the students to move their arms in wide, slow circles.
d. Correct
e. Applicants should be bilingual if they want to qualify for this position.
NOTE: Since it is acceptable to use the pronoun they to refer to an indefinite pronoun or a generic noun, sentences a, c, and e could have alternative revisions. For example, this sentence is also acceptable: The aerobics teacher motioned for everyone to move their arms in wide, slow circles.
EXERCISE 23—1
Possible revisions:
a. Some professors say that engineering students should have hands-on experience with dismantling and reassembling machines.
b. Because she had decorated her bedroom wall with posters from chamber music festivals, her virtual classmates thought that she was interested in classical music. Actually, she preferred rock.
c. In my high school, students didn’t need to get all A’s to be considered a success; they just needed to work to their ability.
d. Marianne told Jenny, “I am worried about your mother’s illness.” [or “. . . about my mother’s illness.”]
e. Though Lewis cried for several minutes after scraping his knee, eventually his crying subsided.
EXERCISE 24—1
a. Correct [But the writer could change the end of the sentence: . . . than he was.]
b. Correct [But the writer could change the end of the sentence: . . . that she was the coach.]
c. She appreciated his telling the truth in such a difficult situation.
d. The director has asked you and me to draft a proposal for a new recycling plan.
e. My roommate and I dreamed of renting a station wagon, packing it with food, and driving two hundred miles to Mardi Gras.
EXERCISE 25—1
a. Correct
b. The environmental policy conference featured scholars whom I had never heard of. [or . . . scholars I had never heard of.]
c. Correct
d. Kartik always gives a holiday donation to whoever needs it.
e. So many singers came to the audition that Natalia had trouble deciding whom to select for the choir.
EXERCISE 26—1
a. Do you expect to perform well on the exam next week?
b. With the budget deadline approaching, our office has hardly had time to handle routine correspondence.
c. Correct
d. The customer complained that he hadn’t been treated nicely by the agent on the phone.
e. Of all the smart people in my family, Aunt Ida is the cleverest. [or . . . the most clever.]
EXERCISE 27—1
a. When I get the urge to exercise, I lie down until it passes.
b. Grandmother had driven our new hybrid to the sunrise church service, so we were left with the station wagon.
c. A pile of dirty rags was lying at the bottom of the stairs.
d. How did the game know that the player had gone from the room with the blue ogre to the hall where the gold was heaped?
e. Abraham Lincoln took good care of his legal clients; the contracts he drew for the Illinois Central Railroad could never be broken.
EXERCISE 27—2
a. The glass sculptures of the Swan Boats were prominent in the brightly lit lobby.
b. Visitors to the glass museum were not supposed to touch the exhibits.
c. The electrician went to the security office to repair the closed-circuit TV.
d. Christos didn’t know about Marlo’s promotion because he never listens. He is [or He’s] always talking.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 27—3
Possible revisions:
a. Correct
b. Discovered in 1930, Pluto is an icy dwarf planet that exists at the edge of our solar system.
c. When city planners proposed rezoning the waterfront, did they know that the mayor had promised to curb development in that neighborhood?
d. Tonight’s lecture begins at 7:30. If it were earlier, I’d consider attending.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 28—1
a. In the past, tobacco companies denied any connection between smoking and health problems.
b. The volunteer’s compassion has touched many lives.
c. I want to register for a summer tutoring session.
d. By the end of the year, the state will have opened a dozen career and employment centers.
e. The golfers were prepared for all weather conditions.
EXERCISE 28—2
a. A major league pitcher can throw a baseball more than ninety-five miles per hour.
b. The writing center tutor will help you revise your essay.
c. A reptile must adjust its body temperature to its environment.
d. Correct
e. My uncle, a cartoonist, could sketch a face in less than two minutes.
EXERCISE 28—3
Possible revisions:
a. The electrician might have discovered the broken circuit if she had inspected the wires thoroughly.
b. If Verena wins a scholarship, she will go to graduate school.
c. Whenever a rainbow appears after a storm, everybody comes out to see it.
d. Sarah did not understand the terms of her internship.
e. If I lived in Budapest with my cousin Szusza, she would teach me Hungarian cooking.
EXERCISE 28—4
Possible answers:
a. I enjoy riding my motorcycle.
b. The tutor told Samantha to revise her thesis statement.
c. The team hopes to work hard and win the championship.
d. Ricardo and his brothers miss surfing during the winter.
e. Jon remembered to lock the door. Or Jon remembered seeing that movie years ago.
EXERCISE 29—1
a. Doing volunteer work often brings satisfaction.
b. Although Gemma now lives on the West Coast, she grew up in Cape Cod.
c. Melina likes to drink her coffee with lots of cream.
d. Correct
e. I completed my homework assignment quickly. Or I completed the homework assignment quickly.
EXERCISE 30—1
a. There are some cartons of ice cream in the freezer.
b. I don’t use the subway because I am afraid.
c. The prime minister is the most popular leader in my country.
d. We tried to get in touch with the same manager whom we spoke to earlier.
e. Recently there have been a number of earthquakes in Turkey.
EXERCISE 30—2
a. Listening to everyone’s complaints all day was irritating.
b. The all-day online classes were exhausting.
c. Correct
d. After a great deal of research, the scientist made a fascinating discovery.
e. Surviving that tornado was one of the most frightening experiences I’ve ever had.
EXERCISE 30—3
a. an intelligent young Vietnamese sculptor
b. a dedicated Catholic priest
c. her old blue wool sweater
d. Elias’s delicious Scandinavian bread
e. many beautiful antique jewelry boxes
EXERCISE 31—1
a. Whenever we eat at the Centerville Café, we sit at a small table in the corner of the patio.
b. Correct
c. On Thursday, Nancy will attend her first home repair class at the community center.
d. Correct
e. We decided to go to the grocery store because there was no fresh food in the refrigerator.
EXERCISE 33—1
a. Alisa brought the injured bird home and fashioned a splint out of Popsicle sticks for its wing.
b. Considered a classic of early animation, The Adventures of Prince Achmed used hand-cut silhouettes against colored backgrounds.
c. If you complete the evaluation form and return it within two weeks, you will receive a free breakfast during your next stay.
d. J. R. R. Tolkien finished writing his draft of The Lord of the Rings trilogy in 1949, but the first book in the series wasn’t published until 1954.
e. As an intern, I learned most aspects of the broadcasting industry, but I never learned about fundraising.
EXERCISE 33—2
a. The cold, impersonal atmosphere of the university was unbearable.
b. An ambulance threaded its way through police cars, fire trucks, and irate citizens.
c. Correct
d. After two broken arms, three cracked ribs, and one concussion, Ken quit the varsity football team.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 33—3
a. Choreographer Alvin Ailey’s best-known work, Revelations, is more than just a crowd-pleaser.
b. Correct
c. Correct
d. A member of an organization that provides job training for teens was also appointed to the education commission.
e. Brian Eno, who began his career as a rock musician, turned to meditative compositions in the late 1970s.
EXERCISE 33—4
a. Cricket, which originated in England, is also popular in Australia, South Africa, and India.
b. At the sound of the starting pistol, the horses surged forward toward the first obstacle, a sharp incline three feet high.
c. After seeing an exhibition of Western art, Gerhard Richter escaped from East Berlin and smuggled out many of his notebooks.
d. Corrie’s new wet suit has an intricate blue pattern.
e. We replaced the rickety old spiral staircase with a sturdy new ladder.
EXERCISE 33—6
a. On January 16, 2017, our office moved to 29 Commonwealth Avenue, Mechanicsville, VA 23111.
b. Correct
c. Ms. Carlson, you are a valued customer whose satisfaction is very important to us.
d. Mr. Mundy was born on July 22, 1939, in Arkansas, where his family had lived for four generations.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 34—1
a. Correct
b. Tricia’s first artwork was a bright blue clay dolphin.
c. Some modern musicians (trumpeter Jon Hassell is an example) blend several cultural traditions into a particular sound.
d. Myra liked hot, spicy foods such as chili, kung pao chicken, and buffalo wings.
e. On the display screen was a soothing pattern of light and shadow.
EXERCISE 35—1
a. Strong black coffee will not sober you up; the truth is that time is the only way to get alcohol out of your system.
b. Margaret was not surprised to see hail and vivid lightning; conditions had been right for violent weather all day.
c. There is often a fine line between right and wrong, good and bad, truth and deception.
d. Correct
e. Severe, unremitting pain is a ravaging force, especially when the patient tries to hide it from others.
EXERCISE 36—1
a. Correct [Either It or it is correct.]
b. If we have come to fight, we are far too few; if we have come to die, we are far too many.
c. Each of the gift baskets included a greeting card, a scarf, and homemade cookies.
d. The news article portrays the land use proposal as reckless, although 62 percent of the town’s residents support it.
e. Activist and politician Stacey Abrams asks readers of her book Lead from the Outside a powerful question: “How do I banish doubts and get out of my own way?” (xxvii).
EXERCISE 37—1
a. Correct
b. The innovative shoe fastener was inspired by the designer’s young son.
c. Each day’s menu features a different European country’s dish.
d. Lottie worked overtime to increase her family’s earnings.
e. Ms. Jacobs is unwilling to listen to students’ complaints about computer failures.
EXERCISE 38—1
a. As for the advertisement “Sailors have more fun,” if you consider chipping paint and swabbing decks fun, then you will have plenty of it.
b. Correct
c. After winning the lottery, Juanita said that she would give half the money to charity.
d. After the movie, Vicki said, “The reviewer called this flick ’trash of the first order.’ I guess you can’t believe everything you read.”
e. Correct
EXERCISE 40—1
a. A client left a [or their] cell phone in our conference room after the meeting.
b. The films we made of Kilauea on our trip to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park illustrate a typical spatter cone eruption.
c. Correct
d. Of three engineering fields — chemical, mechanical, and materials — Keegan chose materials engineering for its application to toy manufacturing.
e. Correct
EXERCISE 41—1
a. Correct
b. All of the students must meet with the professor to discuss their final projects.
c. Correct
d. A gluten-free diet is not always the best strategy for shedding pounds.
e. The work of Dr. Anand Khan [or The work of Anand Khan, PhD,] has helped practitioners better understand post-traumatic stress.
EXERCISE 42—1
a. MLA style: The carpenters located three maple timbers, twenty-one sheets of cherry, and ten oblongs of polished ebony for the theater set. APA style: The carpenters located three maple timbers, 21 sheets of cherry, and 10 oblongs of polished ebony for the theater set.
b. Correct
c. Correct
d. Eight students in the class signed up for tutoring.
e. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, had 58,132 names inscribed on it when it was dedicated in 1982.
EXERCISE 43—1
a. André De Shields, who starred in Broadway musicals like The Wiz and Hadestown, won his first Tony Award in 2019.
b. The old man screamed his anger, shouting to all of us, “I will not leave my money to you worthless layabouts!”
c. I learned the Latin term ad infinitum from an old nursery rhyme about fleas: “Great fleas have little fleas upon their back to bite ’em, / Little fleas have lesser fleas and so on ad infinitum.”
d. Correct
e. Neve Campbell’s lifelong interest in ballet inspired her involvement in the film The Company, which portrays a season with the Joffrey Ballet.
EXERCISE 45—1
a. Correct
b. The swiftly moving tugboat pulled alongside the barge and directed it away from the oil spill in the harbor.
c. Correct
d. Your dog is well known in our neighborhood.
e. Roadblocks were set up along all the major highways leading out of the city.
EXERCISE 46—1
a. Assistant Dean Shirin Ahmadi recommended offering more world language courses.
b. Correct
c. Kalindi has an ambitious semester, studying differential calculus, classical Hebrew, brochure design, and Greek literature.
d. Lydia’s aunt and uncle make modular houses as beautiful as modernist works of art.
e. The labs in Ohio began their research in the spring, and we expect clinical trials to start at our Cleveland lab next summer.
EXERCISE 47—1
a. stage, confrontation, proportions;
b. courage, nurses, inspiration, community;
c. need, guest, honor, fog;
d. defense (noun/adjective), attorney, appeal, jury;
e. museum, women (noun/adjective), artists, 1987
EXERCISE 47—2
a. his;
b. that, our (pronoun/adjective);
c. he, himself, some, his (pronoun/adjective);
d. I, my (pronoun/adjective), you, one;
e. no one, her
EXERCISE 47—3
a. told;
b. were, killed;
c. brought down;
d. Stay, ’ll [will] arrive;
e. struggled, was trapped
EXERCISE 47—4
a. Adjectives: weak, unfocused;
b. Adjectives: The (article), Spanish, flexible; adverb: wonderfully;
c. Adjectives: The (article), fragrant, the (article), steady; adverb: especially;
d. Adjectives: hot, cold; adverbs: rather, slightly, bitterly;
e. Adjectives: The (article), its (pronoun/adjective), wicker (noun/adjective); adverb: soundly
EXERCISE 48—1
a. Complete subjects: The hills and mountains, the snow atop them; simple subjects: hills, mountains, snow;
b. Complete subject: points; simple subject: points;
c. Complete subject: (You);
d. Complete subject: hundreds of fireflies; simple subject: hundreds;
e. Complete subject: The evidence against the defendant; simple subject: evidence
EXERCISE 48—2
a. Subject complement: expensive;
b. Direct object: death;
c. Direct object: their players’ efforts;
d. Subject complement: the capital of the Russian Empire;
e. Subject complement: bitter
EXERCISE 48—3
a. Direct objects: adults and children; object complement: weary;
b. Indirect object: students; direct object: healthy meal choices;
c. Direct object: the work; object complement: finished;
d. Indirect objects: the agent, us; direct objects: our tickets, boarding passes;
e. Direct object: community service; object complement: her priority
EXERCISE 49—1
a. In northern Italy (adverb phrase modifying met); as their first language (adverb phrase modifying speak);
b. for beginners (adjective phrase modifying routine); with ease (adverb phrase modifying completed);
c. To my boss’s dismay (adverb phrase modifying was); for work (adverb phrase modifying late);
d. of Mayan artifacts (adjective phrase modifying exhibit); into pre-Columbian culture (adjective phrase modifying insight);
e. In 2002, in twelve European countries (adverb phrases modifying became)
EXERCISE 49—2
a. Updating your software (gerund phrase used as subject);
b. decreasing the town budget (gerund phrase used as object of the preposition in); identifying nonessential services (gerund phrase used as subject complement);
c. to help her mother by raking the lawn (infinitive phrase used as direct object); raking the lawn (gerund phrase used as object of the preposition by);
d. Understanding little (participial phrase modifying I); passing my biology final (gerund phrase used as object of the preposition of);
e. Working with animals (gerund phrase used as subject)
EXERCISE 49—3
a. so that every vote would count (adverb clause modifying adjusted);
b. that targets baby boomers (adjective clause modifying campaign);
c. After the Tambora volcano erupted in the southern Pacific in 1815 (adverb clause modifying realized); that it would contribute to the “year without a summer” in Europe and North America (noun clause used as direct object of realized);
d. that at a certain point there will be no more oil to extract from the earth (noun clause used as direct object of implies);
e. when you are rushing (adverb clause modifying are overlooked)
EXERCISE 50—1
a. Complex; that are ignited in dry areas (adjective clause);
b. Compound;
c. Simple;
d. Complex; Before we leave for the station (adverb clause);
e. Compound-complex; when you want to leave (noun clause)