Practical argument: A text and anthology - Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell 2019
Documenting sources: MLA
Using sources to support your argument
When you are building an argument, you use sources for support. To acknowledge the material you borrow and to help readers evaluate your sources, you need to supply documentation. In other words, you need to tell readers where you found your information. If you use documentation responsibly, you will also avoid plagiarism, an ethical offense with serious consequences. (See Chapter 11 for more on plagiarism.)
WHY DOCUMENT SOURCES?
§ To acknowledge the debt that you owe to your sources
§ To demonstrate that you are familiar with the conventions of academic discourse
§ To enable readers to judge the quality of your research
§ To avoid plagiarism
§ To make your argument more convincing
MLA documentation consists of two parts: parenthetical references in the text of your paper and a works-cited list at the end of the paper. (The references are keyed to the works-cited list.)
Using Parenthetical References
The basic parenthetical citation consists of the author’s last name and a page number:
(Fielding 213)
If the author is referred to in the sentence, include only the page number in the parenthetical reference.
According to environmental activist Brian Fielding, the number of species affected is much higher (213).
Here are some other situations you may encounter:
§ When referring to a work by two authors, include both authors’ names.
(Stange and Hogarth 53)
§ When citing a work with no listed author, include a short version of the title.
(“Small Things” 21)
§ When citing a source that is quoted in another source, indicate this by including the abbreviation qtd. in.
According to Kevin Kelly, this narrow approach is typical of the “hive mind” (qtd. in Doctorow 168).
§ When citing two or more works by the same author, include a short title after the author’s name.
(Anderson, Long Tail 47)
§ If a source does not include page numbers, or if you are referring to the entire source rather than to a specific page, cite the author’s name in the text of your paper rather than in a parenthetical reference.
You must document all information that is not common knowledge, whether you are summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting. (See p. 357 for an explanation of common knowledge.) With direct quotations, include the parenthetical reference and a period after the closing quotation marks.
According to Doctorow, this is “authorship without editorship. Or authorship fused with editorship” (166).
When quoting a passage of more than four lines, indent the entire passage half an inch from the left margin, and do not use quotation marks. Place the parenthetical reference after the final punctuation mark.
Doctorow points out that Wikipedia’s history pages can be extremely informative:
This is a neat solution to the problem of authority—if you want to know what the fully rounded view of opinions on any controversial subject looks like, you need only consult its entry’s history page for a blistering eyeful of thorough debate on the subject. (170)
Preparing the Works-Cited List
Start your works-cited list on a new page following the last page of your paper. Center the heading Works Cited at the top of the page. List entries alphabetically by the author’s last name—or by the first word (other than an article such as a or the) of the title if an author is not given. Double-space within and between entries. Each entry should begin at the left-hand margin, with subsequent lines indented one-half inch. (This format can be automatically generated if you use the “hanging indent” option in your word processing program.)
Citations need to identify elements of what MLA documentation refers to as a source’s “container.” If a source is part of a larger whole, that larger source is considered the container. When citing a chapter in a book, for example, the book itself would be considered the container. Not every work is held by a container, however. If you were citing a movie watched in a movie theater, the movie is the source and it has no container. But if the same movie is watched as part of a DVD boxed set, that set is the container. Other examples include songs, which are contained on an album; or individual blog posts, which are contained on a blog.
The following information should be included in the citation, in this order and when available: the title of the container; the name of contributors such as editors or translators; the version or edition; the volume and issue numbers; the publisher; the date of publication; and a location such as the page number, DOI, permalink, or URL. Which of these elements will be relevant or available for citation will depend on the container.
When you have completed your list, double-check your parenthetical references to make sure they match the items in your works-cited list.
The following models illustrate the most common kinds of references.
Periodicals
For periodical articles found online or through a full-text database, see page 339.
Guidelines for Citing a Periodical Article
To cite a print article in MLA style, include the following:
1. Author, last name first
2. Title of the article, in quotation marks
3. Title of the periodical, in italics
4. Volume and issue numbers
5. Date or year of publication
6. Page number(s) of the article
(See images on page 333.)
The citation reads as follows.
Carton, Evan. (open quotes) American Scholars: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, John Brown, and the Springs of Intellectual Schism. (close quotes) New England Quarterly, vol. 85, no. 1, 2012, pp. 5 hyphen 37.
[’Carton, Evan’ is labeled 1; ’American Scholars: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, John Brown, and the Springs of Intellectual Schism’ is labeled 2; ’New England Quarterly’ is labeled 3; ’vol. 85, no. 1’ is labeled 4; ’2012’ is labeled 5; and ’pp. 5 hyphen 37’ is labeled 6.]
Journals
Journals are periodicals published for experts in a field. Cite both volume number and issue number when available. In cases where only an issue number is available, cite just the issue.
· Minkler, Lanse. “Economic Rights and Political Decision-Making.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2, 2009, pp. 369—93.
· Picciotto, Joanna. “The Public Person and the Play of Fact.” Representations, no. 105, 2009, pp. 85—132.
Magazines
Magazines are periodicals published for a general audience. Do not include a magazine’s volume and issue number, but do include the date (day, month, and year for weekly publications; month and year for those published less frequently). If pages are not consecutive, give the first page followed by a plus sign.
· Lansky, Sam. “Science fiction knows the future is female.” Time, 26 Feb. 2018, pp. 95—97.
· Sancton, Tom. “Visionnaire.” Vanity Fair, May 2018, pp. 92—99.
Newspapers
Include both the letter of the section and the page number. If an article continues on to a nonconsecutive page, give just the first page followed by a plus sign.
· Murphy, Sean P. “Eighty-seven, and left by the side of the road by Uber.” The Boston Globe, 2 Nov. 2018, pp. A1+.
Editorial, Letter to the Editor, or Review
Include authors and titles where available as well as a descriptive label—for example Editorial, Letter, or Review. In the case of reviews, include the title and author of the work that is reviewed.
· Bernath, Dan. “Letter to the Editor.” The Washington Post, 12 Apr. 2009, p. A16. Letter.
· Franklin, Nancy. “Whedon’s World.” Review of Dollhouse, directed by Joss Whedon. The New Yorker, 2 Mar. 2009, p. 45.
· “World Bank Responsibility.” The Wall Street Journal, 28 Mar. 2009, p. A10. Editorial.
Political Cartoon or Comic Strip
Include the author and title (if available) of the cartoon or comic strip, followed by a descriptive label and publication information.
· Adams, Scott. “Dilbert.” The Chicago Tribune, 10 Mar. 2012, p. C9. Comic strip.
· Pett, Joel. Lexington Herald-Leader, 30 Apr. 2012, p. A12. Cartoon.
Advertisement
Cite the name of the product or company that is advertised, followed by the descriptive label and the publication information.
· Subaru. Wired, Aug. 2017, p. 11. Advertisement.
Books
Guidelines for Citing a Book
To cite a book in MLA style, include the following:
1. Author, last name first
2. Title, in italics
3. Full publisher’s name
4. Date of publication
Book by One Author
List the author, last name first, followed by the title (italicized). Include the full publisher’s name, abbreviated when called for, and end with the date of publication.
· Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Leadership. Simon & Schuster, 2018.
Book by Two Authors
List authors in the order in which they are listed on the book’s title page. List the first author with last name first, but list the second author with first name first.
· Singer, Peter, and Jim Mason. The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter. Rodale, 2006.
Book by Three or More Authors
List only the first author, last name first, followed by the abbreviation et al. (“and others”).
· Gould, Harvey, et al. Advanced Computer Simulation Methods. Pearson Education, 2009.
Two or More Books by the Same Author
List the entries alphabetically by title. In each entry after the first, substitute three unspaced hyphens, followed by a period, for the author’s last name.
· Friedman, Thomas L. Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution—and How It Can Renew America. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2008.
· ---. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2005.
Edited Book
If your focus is on the author, include the name of the editor (or editors) after the title, preceded by the abbreviation Ed. (for “edited by”). If the book is an edited collection of essays by different authors, treat it as an anthology.
· Whitman, Walt. The Portable Walt Whitman. Ed. by Michael Warner, Penguin Classics, 2004.
If your focus is on the editor, begin with the editor’s name followed by editor or editors.
· Michael Warner, editor. The Portable Walt Whitman. Penguin Classics, 2004.
Translation
· Bolaño, Roberto. The Savage Detectives. Translated by Natasha Wimmer, Picador, 2008.
Revised Edition
· Smith, Steven S., et al., The American Congress. 4th ed., Cambridge UP, 2006.
Anthology
Include the name of the editor (or editors) of the anthology, followed by editor or editors.
· Browning, John Edgar, and Caroline Joan S. Picart, editors. Speaking of Monsters, Palgrave, 2012.
Work in an Anthology
· Malone, Dan. “Immigration, Terrorism, and Secret Prisons.” Keeping Out the Other: Immigration Enforcement Today, edited by David C. Brotherton and Philip Kretsedemas, Columbia UP, 2008, pp. 44—62.
More Than One Work in the Same Anthology
To avoid repeating the entire anthology entry, you may provide a cross-reference from individual essays to the entire anthology.
· Adelson, Glenn et al., editors. Environment: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, Yale UP, 2008.
· Lesher, Molly. “Seeds of Change.” Adelson, pp. 131—37.
· Marshall, Robert. “The Problem of the Wilderness.” Adelson, pp. 288—92.
Section or Chapter of a Book
· Tirado, Linda. “I’m Not Angry So Much as I’m Really Tired.” Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America, Berkeley, 2014, pp. 59—86.
Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword
· Christiano, Thomas, and John Christman. Introduction. Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy. Edited by Thomas Christiano and John Christman, Wiley, 2009, pp. 1—20.
Multivolume Work
· McNeil, Peter, editor. Fashion: Critical and Primary Sources. Berg Publishers, 2009. 4 vols.
Article in a Reference Work
A reference work is a book (print or electronic)—such as an encyclopedia, a dictionary, a bibliography, an almanac, or a handbook—that contains factual information. If the entries in a reference work are arranged alphabetically, do not include page numbers or volumes. When citing a familiar encyclopedia that publishes new editions regularly, include only the edition (if given) and year. If the article’s author is given, include that as well. For less well-known reference encyclopedias, include publication information.
· “Human Rights.” Encyclopedia Americana. 2003 ed.
· “Seagrass Beds.” Ocean: A Visual Encyclopedia. DK Publishing, 2015.
NOTE
Keep in mind that many instructors do not consider encyclopedia articles acceptable research sources. Before including a citation for an encyclopedia article in your works-cited list, check with your instructor.
Audiovisual Sources
TV Show
· “Dance Dance Resolution.” The Good Place, written by Megan Amram, directed by Drew Goddard, NBC, 20 Sept. 2017.
Film
· Get Out. Directed by Jordan Peele, performances by Daniel Kaluuya, Allison Williams, and Bradley Whitford, Universal Pictures, 2017.
Internet Sources
Citing internet sources can be problematic because they sometimes lack basic information—for example, dates of publication or authors’ names. When citing internet sources, include all the information you can find.
§ For sites that are online editions of printed works, include as much of the original print information as is available, as well as the URL.
§ For sites that exist only online, include (when available) the author, title, overall website title (if part of a larger project), the date it was last updated, and the URL.
§ For works that are accessed through a library database, include the name of the database (in italics) and the URL or Digital Object Identifier (DOI). A DOI is a unique series of numbers assigned to electronic documents. The DOI remains the same regardless of where on the internet a document is located.
For particularly long URLs (three lines or greater), you may use the URL for the main website on which you found the content instead of the URL for the specific page which you are referencing. However, your instructor may not require a URL, so be sure to confirm their preference. It is always a good idea, however, to keep a record of the URLs for yourself in case you need to revisit your source.
If you type a URL into a works-cited entry that carries over to the next line, make sure that you break it at an appropriate place—for example, after a slash or a hyphen. If you paste a URL into a works-cited entry, Word will do this for you.
Guidelines for Citing a Website
To cite a website in MLA style, follow these guidelines:
1. Author (if any)
2. Title (if any)
3. Name of website or sponsor
4. Date the site was last updated
5. DOI or URL
The title bar of the website reads, Foodsafety dot gov along with its logo and the sub-title, Your Gateway to Federal Food Safety Information. On the right side is a Search bar. The menu bar below it reads (from left to right), Home; Recalls and Alerts; Keep Food Safe; Who’s at Risk; Food Poisoning; Report a Problem; and Ask the Experts. [Note pointing to ’Foodsafety dot gov’ reads, Author.]
Text on the left side is headed Recalls and Alerts and shows three options below it as follows: See Recent Recalls; Get Automatic Alerts; and Get Food Safety Widget.
Text on the right side, under the heading See Recent Recalls, reads as follows.
This page lists notices of recalls and alerts from both the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (F D A) and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (U S D A).
Click the title of a recall to display the recall notice on the F D A or U S D A website.
If the product details in the recall notice match the details on the food product you have at home, do not open or consume the product. Instead, do one of the following:
[Bullet point] Return the product to the place of purchase for a refund.
[Bullet point] Dispose of the product following the instructions provided in the recall notice to assure it will not be consumed by anyone.
For more information, see What to do if you have a recalled food product.
Text below it reads as follows.
Bellisio Foods, Inc. Recalls Boneless Pork Rib Frozen Entrée Products Due To Possible Foreign Matter Adulteration
Dec 22, 2016 3:51 PM
Bellisio Foods, Inc., a Jackson, Ohio establishment, is recalling approximately 285,264 pounds of boneless pork rib shaped patty frozen entrée products that may be adulterated with extraneous materials.
The Cure House Recalls Pork Products Produced Without Benefit Of Inspection [A label reads, Title.]
Dec 19, 2015 3:38 PM
The Cure House, a Louisville, Ky. establishment, is recalling an undetermined amount of cured pork products that were produced without the benefit of federal inspection.
Bonavista Food Inc. Recalls Pork Products Produced Without Benefit Of Import Inspection
Dec 18, 2015 8:42 PM
Bonavista Foods Inc., Ovid, N. Y. establishment, is recalling approximately 4,338 pounds of cured pork products that were not presented at the U. S. point of entry for inspection.
At the bottom of the webpage, icons of Mail, Facebook, Tumblr, and Pinterest under the heading Stay Connected. A list of logos of companies is under the heading Our Partners.
Below this are the links to following pages: About FoodSafety dot gov; Accessibility; Privacy Policy; F O I A; Disclaimers; Plain Writing; Contact Us; No FEAR; Viewers and Players; WhiteHouse dot gov; U S A dot gov; Gobiemo U S A dot gov; Give Feedback.
Text below the links reads, December 30, 2015. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services — 200 Independence Avenue, S. W. — Washington, D. C. 20201. [Note to ’December 30, 2015’ reads, Date of last update. Note to U. S. Department of Health and Human Services reads, Sponsor. Note to ’Washington D. C.’ reads, City of publication.]
The citation reads as follows.
Foodsafety.gov. (open quotes) U B C Food Distributors Recalls Hot Curry Powder and Curry Powder due to Lead. (close quotes) U S Dept of Health and Human Services, 30 Oct. 2018. www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm624397.htm
[’Foodsafety.gov’ is labeled 1. ’U B C Food Distributors Recalls Hot Curry Powder and Curry Powder due to Lead’ is labeled 2. ’U S Dept of Health and Human Services’ is labeled 3. ’30 Oct. 2018’ is labeled 4. www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm624397.htm is labeled 5.]
Entire Website
Include (if available) the author, title of the website, date of last update, and the URL.
Document within a Website
· “Uniform Impunity: Mexico’s Misuse of Military Justice to Prosecute Abuses in Counternarcotics and Public Security Operations.” Human Rights Watch, Apr. 2009, www.hrw.org/report/2009/04/29/uniform-impunity/mexicos-misuse-military-justice-prosecute-abuses-counternarcotics.
Blog Posts and Blog Comments
· Cimons, Marlene. “Why Cities Could Be the Key to Solving the Climate Crisis.” Thinkprogress.org, Center for American Progress Action Fund, 10 Dec. 2015, thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/12/10/3730938/cities-key-to-climate-crisis/.
· Parks, Tim. “Why Translation Deserves Scrutiny.” NYR Daily, NYREV, 23 Oct. 2018, www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/10/23/why-translation-deserves-scrutiny/.
Tweet
Begin with the author’s real name, followed by the user name in parentheses. Include only the user name if the real name is unknown. Next, include the entire text of the tweet in quotation marks, followed by the date, the time, and the medium (Tweet).
· Barack Obama (@POTUS44). “Thank you for everything. My last ask is the same as my first. I’m asking you to believe—not in my ability to create change, but in yours.” Twitter, 11 Jan. 2017, 12:52 a.m., twitter.com/POTUS44/status/819044196371800065. Tweet.
Podcast
· Koenig, Sarah. “A Bird in Jail Is Worth Two on the Street.” Serial, Chicago Public Radio, 3 Oct. 2018, serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi.
· Ogg, Erica. “Google Tries to Rehab Its Antitrust Image.” CNET News Daily Podcast, CBS Interactive, 8 May 2009, www.cnet.com/news/cnet-news-daily-podcast-google-tries-to-rehab-its-antitrust-image/.
Online Book
· Doctorow, Cory. Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future, Tachyon, 2008. Craphound.com.
Part of an Online Book
· Zittrain, Jonathan L. “The Lessons of Wikipedia.” The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Yale UP, 2008. futureoftheinternet.org.
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal
· Johnston, Rebecca. “Salvation or Destruction: Metaphors of the Internet.” First Monday, vol. 14, no. 4, 2009, firstmonday.org/article/view/2370/2158.
Magazine Article Accessed Online
· Winter, Jessica. “Why Aren’t Mothers Worth Anything to Venture Capitalists?.” The New Yorker, 25 Sept. 2018, www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-arent-mothers-worth-anything-to-venture-capitalists.
Newspaper Article Accessed Online
· Twilley, Nicola. “With Bugs, You’re Never Alone.” The New York Times, 29 Oct. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/science/spider-insect-survey.html.
Article from a Library Database
· Hartley, Richard D. “Sentencing Reform and the War on Drugs: An Analysis of Sentence Outcomes for Narcotics Offenders Adjudicated in the US District Courts on the Southwest Border.” Criminal Justice Policy Review, vol. 19, no. 4, 2008, pp. 414—37. Sage Premier, doi: 10.1177/1043986208323264.
Legal Case
When citing a court opinion, provide the plaintiffs’ names, the legal citation (volume, abbreviation of the source, page numbers), the name of the court, the year of the decision, and any relevant information about where you found it. In many cases, online versions of the opinions will include only the first page; in those cases, supply that page number followed by a plus sign.
· Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436+. Supreme Court of the US. 1966. FindLaw, Thompson Reuters, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/384/436.html.
Government Document
Include the government agency or body issuing the document, followed by publication information.
· United States, Department of Homeland Security, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States, Office of Immigration Policy, Feb. 2009, www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2011_0.pdf.
MLA PAPER GUIDELINES
§ An MLA paper should have a one-inch margin all around and be double-spaced.
§ Indent the first line of every paragraph. Number all pages, including the first, consecutively. Type your name, followed by the page number, in the upper right-hand corner.
§ An MLA paper does not typically have a title page. Type the following information at the top of the paper, one inch from the left-hand margin:
§ Name
§ Instructor
§ Course
§ Date submitted
§ Center the title of the paper. Capitalize all important words of the title, except prepositions, articles, coordinating conjunctions, and the to in infinitives—unless the word is the first or last word of the title. Titles should never be italicized, underlined, or followed by a period.
§ Begin the works-cited list on a new numbered page, after the body of the paper. (See page 331 for a discussion of the works-cited list.)
§ Citations should follow MLA documentation style.
NOTE
In the student essay that follows, note that the blue annotations explain the student’s choice of sources and the purple annotations highlight features of the student’s use of documentation.
The following student research paper, “Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be ’Fair Game’ for Employers?” by Erin Blaine, follows MLA documentation style as outlined in the preceding pages.
The text at the top right corner reads, Blaine 1.
The text at the left corner reads as follows.
Erin Blaine
Professor Adams
Humanities 101
4 March 2019
[Center alignment] Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be (open quotes) Fair Game (close quotes) for Employers?
1 The popularity of social-networking sites such as Facebook, Instragram, LinkedIn, and Twitter has increased dramatically over the last several years, especially among college students and young professionals. These sites provide valuable opportunities for networking and for connecting socially. At the same time, however, potential employers, human resources professionals, and even college admissions officers routinely use these sites to evaluate applicants. Because it is so easy to access social-networking sites and because they provide valuable information, this practice is certain to continue. Some people concerned about this development argue that social-networking sites should be off-limits because potential employers are seeing information out of context and are unable to properly evaluate it. As long as applicants have freely posted information in a public forum, however, there is no reason for an employer not to consider it during the hiring process.
2 The number of employers and universities using social-networking sites to evaluate candidates is growing every year. A 2017 survey found that 35 percent of college admissions officers acknowledged visiting sites like Facebook to learn more about applicants, and 40 percent said that the information they found (open quotes) negatively impacted the applicant’s admissions chances (close quotes) (Gurram). This practice also occurs in the business world, where the numbers are even more striking. One study found that 70 percent of employers use to help them evaluate potential employees (Driscoll). [Margin note reads, This source and the following one supply statistics that support the main point of the paragraph. Parenthetical reference identifies the source, which is included in the works-cited list.] The practice
The text at the top right corner reads, Blaine 2.
The text continues as follows.
of checking social media is so common that some employers use outside companies, such as Social Intelligence Corp., to do internet background checks on job candidates (Preston). [Margin note reads, Citations from Preston and Driscoll add credibility.]
3 Not everyone is happy with this practice, though, and some have strong objections. Becca Bush, a college student in Chicago, argues that employers should not have the right to use social media to evaluate potential employees. (open quotes) It’s a violation of privacy, (close quotes) she says. (open quotes)Twenty years ago, people still did the same things as now, (close quotes) but the information (open quotes) wasn’t as widespread (close quotes) (qtd. in Cammenga). Marc S. Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, agrees, saying, (open quotes) Employers should not be judging what people in their private lives do away from the workplace (close quotes) (qtd. in Preston). Rotenberg goes on to say that privacy settings on sites like Facebook are often misunderstood. According to him, (open quotes) People are led to believe that there is more limited disclosure than there actually is (close quotes) (qtd. in Preston). [Margin note reads, Parenthetical documentation containing qtd. in indicates a source quoted in another source.] Some people mistakenly think that looking at an applicant’s Facebook page is illegal (Cammenga). Even though it is not, this practice can lead to discrimination, which is illegal. An online search can reveal characteristics that an applicant is not required to disclose to employers — for example, race, age, religion, sex, national origin, marital status, or disability (Preston). [Margin note reads, Quotes from Preston are summarized here to present an opposing viewpoint.]
4 Given the realities of the digital age, however, admissions committees and job recruiters are acting reasonably when they access social-networking sites. As a practical matter, it would be almost impossible to prevent employers from reviewing online sites as part of informal background and reference checks. Moreover, those who believe that it is unethical for recruiters to look at the online profiles of prospective job candidates seem willing to accept the benefits of social- networking sites but unwilling to acknowledge that these new technologies bring new responsibilities and liabilities. Finally, the problems associated with employers’ use of social- networking sites would not
The text at the top right corner reads, Blaine 3.
The text continues as follows.
be an issue in the first place if users of social-networking sites took full advantage of the available measures to protect themselves.
5 Part of the problem is that the internet has fundamentally altered our notions of (open quotes) private (close quotes) and (open quotes) public (close quotes) in ways that we are only just beginning to understand. As Shelley Fralic observes in (open quotes) Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy, (close quotes) Facebook’s privacy options do not really protect its users’ privacy, and thinking they do (open quotes) is beyond absurd (close quotes) (1). [Margin note reads, Because the source and the author are named in an identifying tag, only the page numbers are needed parenthetically.] On sites like Facebook, people can reveal intimate details of their lives to millions of strangers. This situation is unprecedented and, at least for the foreseeable future, irreversible. The French artist, film producer, and fashion designer Maripol has noted, (open quotes) Andy Warhol said that everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes, but with social media, everyone is famous all of the time (close quotes) (qtd. in Hanra). [Margin note reads, Distinctive key phrases are quoted directly.] In essence, we are all exhibitionists now, to some degree and our private lives are on display as never before. Given the changes in our understanding of privacy and the public nature of the internet, the suggestion that we should live our lives by the same rules we lived by thirty years ago simply does not make sense. As New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman noted prophetically in 2007, in the internet age, more and more of (open quotes) what you say or do or write will end up as a digital fingerprint that never gets erased (close quotes) (23). [Margin note reads, Including a recognized authority, such as Friedman, adds credibility.]
6 Rather than relying on outdated notions of privacy, students and job seekers should accept these new conditions and take steps to protect themselves. Most college and career counseling services have easy-to-follow recommendations for how to maintain a positive online reputation. First on almost everyone’s list is adjusting privacy settings. Understanding and employing these settings is a user’s responsibility; misunderstanding such protections is no excuse. [Margin note reads, Internet source includes no page number in the parenthetical documentation.] As Mariel Loveland suggests, those who want extra help can hire an online reputation- management company such as Reputation.com or Integrity Defenders or use services
The text at the top right corner reads, Blaine 4.
The text continues as follows.
such as those offered by Reppler. According to Sameer Somal, because many people judge a person solely on the basis of his or her online presence, it is important to make sure that your digital footprint is positive. Online reputation management companies identify questionable material across different social networks and take steps to protect your reputation.
7 The most important way for people to protect themselves against the possible misuse of personal information is for them to take responsibility for the information they post online. According to a recent article in Education Week (in italics), even middle school students should keep their future college and career plans in mind when they post information online ((open quotes) Online Behavior (close quotes)). In preparing students to apply for college, many high school counselors stress the (open quotes) golden rule (close quotes): (open quotes) students should never post anything online they wouldn’t want their parents to see (close quotes) ((open quotes) Online Behavior (close quotes)). [Margin note reads, Not every summary or paraphrase needs to include a quotation.] Students and job seekers must realize that a commonsense approach to the internet requires that they develop good (open quotes) digital grooming (close quotes) habits (Bond). For example, one self-described (open quotes) cautious internet user (close quotes) says that she (open quotes) goes through the information on her [Facebook] account every few weeks and deletes statuses, messages, and other things (close quotes) (Bond). [Margin note reads, Brackets indicate that a quotation has been edited for clarity.] She understands that a potential employer coming across an applicant’s membership in a Facebook group such as (open quotes) I Sold My Grandma for Crack- Cocaine! (close quotes) or a picture of a student posing with an empty liquor bottle may not understand the tone, the context, or the joke. [Margin text reads, Paraphrasing provides readers with the key points of a source.] Students should also be careful about (open quotes) friends (close quotes) who have access to their online social networks, asking themselves whether these people really know them and would have good things to say about them if a prospective employer contacted them for a reference. According to one high school principal, 75 percent of the students at his school admitted to accepting a friend request from someone
The text at the top right corner reads, Blaine 5.
The text continues as follows.
they did not know ((open quotes) Online Behavior (close quotes)). Getting students to consider the repercussions of this kind of choice is central to many social-media education programs.
8 Although social-networking sites have disadvantages, they also have advantages. These sites provide an excellent opportunity for job seekers to connect with potential employers and to get their names and résumés in circulation. For example, a job seeker can search the LinkedIn networks of a company’s executives or human resources staff for mutual connections. In addition, a job seeker can post information calculated to appeal to potential employers. Recruiters are just as likely to hire candidates based on social-media screening as they are to reject them. A national survey conducted by Harris Poll on behalf of CareerBuilder found that more than 57 percent of employers are less likely to interview a candidate they can’t find online. The majority of companies will dig through social profiles, but find it even more suspect if they see nothing at all (Driscoll). Another article reports the following:
However, one third (33 percent) of employers who research candidates on social networking sites say they’ve found content that made them more likely to hire a candidate. What’s more, nearly a quarter (23 percent) found content that directly led to them hiring the candidate, up from 19 percent last year. ((open quotes) Number of Employers (close quotes))
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In today’s job market, people should think of their networks as extensions of themselves. They need to take an active role in shaping the image they want to project to future employers.
9 So even though students and job seekers should be careful when posting information online, they should not miss the opportunity to take advantage of the many opportunities that social-networking sites offer.
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Bond, Michaelle. (open quotes) Facebook Timeline a New Privacy Test. (close quotes) U S A Today (in italics), 2 Nov. 2011, www.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/story/2011-11-02/facebook-timeline -privacy/51047658/1.
Cammenga, Michelle. (open quotes) Facebook Might Be the Reason You Don’t Get That Job. (close quotes) Hub Bub (in italics), Loyola University Chicago’s School of Communication, 23 Feb. 2012, blogs.luc.edu/hubbub /reporting-and-writing/employers-screen-facebook/.
Driscoll, Kara. (open quotes) Employers Less Likely to Hire Applicants with No Social Media Presence. (close quotes) Dayton Daily News, 14 July 2017, www.mydaytondailynews.com/business/employers-less-likely-hire-applicants-with-social-media-presence /MALOhAY4en0kok5WJfpVoK/.
Fralic, Shelley. (open quotes) Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy. (close quotes) Calgary Herald (in italics), 17 Oct. 2015, p. 1.
Friedman, Thomas L. (open quotes) The Whole World Is Watching. (close quotes) The New York Times (in italics), 27 June 2007, p. A23.
Gurram, Mugdha. (open quotes) Study Shows College Admissions Evaluate Applicant’s Social Media. (close quotes) The Daily Free Press (in italics), Boston University, 20 Oct. 2017, dailyfreepress.com/blog/2017/10/20 /study-shows-college-admissions-evaluate-applicants -social-media/.
Hanra, Hanna. (open quotes) Maripol: ’Did I Discover Madonna? She Discovered Me!’. (close quotes) The Guardian (in italics), Guardian News and Media, 20 Mar. 2015, www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/mar/20 /maripol-madonna-photographer-stylist-polaroids-exhibition.
Loveland, Mariel. (open quotes) Reppler Launches ’Reppler Image Score,’ Rates Social Network Profile Content for Potential Employers. (close quotes) Scribbal (in italics), 27 Sept. 2011, www.scribbal.com/reppler-launches-rates-social-network-profile-content-09-27-11/.
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(open quotes) Online Behavior Jeopardizing College Plans; Admissions Officers Checking Social-Networking Sites for Red Flags. (close quotes) Education Week (in italics), 14 Dec. 2011, p. 11. Academic One File (in italics), www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/12/08/14collegeadmit .h31.html.
Preston, Jennifer. (open quotes) Social Media History Becomes a New Job Hurdle. (close quotes) The New York Times (in italics), 20 July 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/technology/social-media-history-becomes -a-new-job-hurdle.html?_r=0.
Somal, Sameer. (open quotes) Digital Reputation Management 101. (close quotes) Medium (in italics), 12 Apr. 2018, medium.com/@SameerSomal/digital-reputation-management-101-5506eceb02cb. [Margin text reads, Be sure that your data comes from recent sources.]
Underwood, Alice. (open quotes) 9 Things to Avoid on Social Media While Looking for a New Job. (close quotes) Glassdoor, 3 Jan. 2018, www.glassdoor.com/blog/things-to-avoid-on-social-media-job-search/