Intermediate English Grammar for ESL Learners - Robin Torres-Gouzerh 2016

Present participles
13 Participial adjectives

Participles, besides being an important element of the progressive forms of tenses (present participles) and of the passive voice (past participles), can also function as adjectives. So far, you have encountered participles in passive structures or as predicate adjectives. But they can also serve as adjectives that modify nouns directly.

Present participles

Present participles are formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form of the verb (running, speaking, developing, and so on). The present participle conveys an active meaning because the noun it modifies is “doing something.”

It is a confusing map. (The map confuses the driver, because it is not clear.)

It is a boring story. (The story bores the children.)