English Grammar Drills - Mark Lester 2009
Answer Key
Chapter 1
Exercise 1.1
1. Hamlet, play 2. Soho, neighborhood 3. Ford, car 4. Atlantic, ocean 5. Everest, mountain 6. Harrison Ford, actor 7. Dixie, song 8. Titanic, ship 9. The Ritz, hotel 10. Mercury, planet
Exercise 1.2
1. threes /z/ 2. tricks /s/ 3. stools /z/ 4. histories /z/ 5. walls /z/ 6. rakes /s/ 7. plays /z/ 8. stoves /z/ 9. coughs /s/ 10. moths /s/ 11. days /z/ 12. notes /s/ 13. delays /z/ 14. hikes /s/ 15. tires /z/ 16. rains /z/ 17. plates /s/ 18. groves /z/ 19. shows /z/ 20. pipes /s/
Exercise 1.3
1. races /əz/ 2. bays /z/ 3. boxes /əz/ 4. clocks /s/ 5. roses /əz/ 6. mists /s/ 7. dishes /əz/ 8. tries /z/ 9. cottages /əz/ 10. colleagues /z/ 11. clauses /əz/ 12. clashes /əz/ 13. hedges /əz/ 14. phones /z/ 15. freezes /əz/ 16. shares /z/ 17. duties /z/ 18. patches /əz/ 19. allowances /əz/ 20. sheets /s/
Exercise 1.4
Exercise 1.5
Exercise 1.6
1. dog’s, dogs, dogs’ 2. horse’s, horses, horses’ 3. tree’s, trees, trees’ 4. lady’s, ladies, ladies’ 5. fox’s, foxes, foxes’ 6. tooth’s, teeth, teeth’s 7. play’s, plays, plays’ 8. worker’s, workers, workers’ 9. shelf’s, shelves, shelves’ 10. man’s, men, men’s 11. studio’s, studios, studios’ 12. place’s, places, places’ 13. fly’s, flies, flies’ 14. child’s, children, children’s 15. woman’s, women, women’s
Exercise 1.7
1. faces’ /əz/ 2. bridges’ /əz/ 3. foxes’ /əz/ 4. chiefs’ /s/ 5. boys /z/ 6. navies /z/ 7. daughters /z/ 8. carriages /əz/ 9. plays /z/ 10. colleges /əz/
Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
1. truer, truest; X twoer, X twoest; X True two stories, Two true stories; The stories are true. X The stories are two. (marginally grammatical); true adjective: true 2. X hiser, X hisest; sweeter, sweetest; His sweet cupcakes; X Sweet his cupcakes; X The cupcakes were his. (grammatical as pronoun, not adjective); The cupcakes were sweet. True adjective: sweet 3. faster, fastest; X aller, X allest; X Fast all boats; All fast boats; The boats were fast. X The boats were all. (grammatical only if all is an indefinite pronoun); True adjective: fast 4. X theser, X thesest; hungrier, hungriest; These hungry cats; X Hungry these cats; The cats were these. (grammatical only as pronoun); The cats were hungry. True adjective: hungry 5. brighter, brightest; X a-er, X a-est; X Bright a moon; A bright moon; The moon was bright. X The moon was a. True adjective: bright
Exercise 2.2
1. sadder, saddest 2. more costly, most costly; costlier, costliest 3. sounder, soundest 4. more valuable, most valuable 5. more likely, most likely 6. sunnier, sunniest 7. more patient, most patient 8. more improved, most improved 9. more normal, most normal 10. bluer, bluest 11. worse, worst 12. more tiring, most tiring 13. more physical, most physical 14. stranger, strangest; more strange, most strange 15. more probable, most probable 16. more recent, most recent 17. more available, most available 18. more developed, most developed 19. shadier, shadiest; more shady, most shady 20. more fulfilling, most fulfilling
Exercise 2.3
1. capacious worn brown overcoat 2. miniature antique gold locket 3. great overripe yellow pear 4. sizeable early black and white photographs 5. long modern black desk 6. large aged grey cat 7. petite young green peas 8. bulky old pink sweater 9. immense new off-white mansion 10. slim up-to-date white drapes
Chapter 3
Exercise 3.1
Exercise 3.2
On my first trip to Manhattan, I bought a city map and tried to get a sense of its geography. I quickly discovered what every person there knows: to find out where you are, you need to know two things: whether you are facing “uptown” (north) or “downtown” (south), and whether you are facing east or west.
To find out, you have to go to a street sign. The street sign will tell you both street and avenue numbers. The numbers by themselves tell you nothing. They just define one point on a grid. They tell you where you are on the grid, but you still do not know which way you are facing on the grid. To know that, you have to go to the next street sign and compare the street and avenue numbers there. If the new street number has gotten larger, you are going north. If the new street number has gotten smaller, you are going south. If the new avenue number has gotten larger, you are going west. If the avenue name has gotten smaller, you are going east. If the avenue has a name rather than a number, then you have to take out the map again and compare the numbers and/or names of the two avenues. Everybody has to memorize the names and numbers of the avenues.
Exercise 3.3
1. the 2. some 3. The 4. The 5. a 6. a 7. An 8. The 9. a 10. a 11. a 12. the 13. the (an is also possible) 14. an 15. the 16. an 17. a 18. the 19. a 20. the
Exercise 3.4
1. the 2. a 3. the 4. the 5. The; the 6. a; some 7. The 8. An; a 9. a; the 10. The 11. the 12. a 13. the 14. the; the 15. the 16. an 17. the; a; the 18. the 19. A; the 20. the; the 21. some 22. a 23. a; the 24. the 25. the
Exercise 3.5
During the Christmas holidays, I flew to Los Angeles to visit with some friends. They picked me up at the airport in an old car one of them was leasing. Since the company my friend was working for required him to have a car, he got reimbursed for most of his driving expenses. It was the first car any of them had ever had. Not having a car in Los Angeles is not really an option since there is no public transportation system to speak of. As a result, the traffic is just awful.
They were renting an apartment in Santa Monica, a really nice town on the beach about twenty miles from the center of the city. The apartment building they lived in even had a swimming pool. We went in the pool every day. It was fine as long as the pool was in the sun. From the apartment we could walk to most of the stores we needed. The only thing that we had to take the car for was going to the grocery store. There was simply no place to buy groceries in the neighborhood.
I had hoped to go swimming in the ocean, but I quickly discovered that the water was too cold. My friends said that if I wanted to go swimming, I would have to get a wet suit. There is a current of icy-cold water that comes down the coast from Alaska. Even in the summer, the water is pretty cold.
Exercise 3.6
1. some 2. an 3. a 4. some 5. a 6. some 7. some 8. an 9. some 10. a 11. an 12. a 13. an 14. an 15. some
Exercise 3.7
1. — 2. — 3. the 4. — 5. — 6. — 7. The; the 8. —; an 9. the; the 10. —; a; — 11. — 12. — 13. —; — 14. the; —; — 15. —; a
Exercise 3.8
Travel by — air has become everyone’s favorite topic to complain about. We all have heard — stories about — passengers being stuck for hours on 0 runways and 0 stories about — [the is also OK] endless lines at — ticket counters. These are all true. The problem is that none of us is willing to pay what it would cost to fix the problems. None of us wants to pay a penny more than we have to. When — airlines try to raise — prices to improve their services, we all go to the airlines that have not raised their prices. When — airports try to get approval to raise — taxes to pay for — airport improvements, we vote the [— is also OK] bond issues down.
Exercise 3.9
1. a 2. an 3. The; the 4. some 5. The 6. The; a; the 7. The; a; the 8. the; the 9. the [— is also OK]; 10. the 11. a 12. some 13. a 14. The; the 15. the; a 16. some 17. an 18. a; the 19. some 20. the 21. a 22. some; the 23. —; the; — 24. a; the 25. a; the; the
Chapter 4
Exercise 4.1
1. a new statue of him; it 2. all the people who might be interested; them 3. All of the presenters who have registered; They 4. a lot more vegetables that are grown locally; them 5. ripe, locally produced organic apples; them 6. The people who live there; They 7. the documents that you requested; them 8. the new employees who were just hired; them 9. The building where I work; It 10. The last telephone number that you gave me; It 11. The new engine; any fuel that can be made into a liquid at room temperature; It; it 12. The Harry Potter books; They 13. People who drive to work every day; parking permits; the office; They; them; it 14. The new regulation; hospitals’ safety records; It; them 15. a director whose movies have been very successful; him
Exercise 4.2
1. at work (place); during this difficult period (time) 2. over the weekend (time); of infection (other) 3. from California (place); about the problem (other) 4. in China (place); about the peace talks (other) 5. in the dining room (place); of paint (other) 6. despite all the odds (other) 7. by the English painter Turner (other) 8. about my chances (other) 9. to the crime (other) 10. for lying (other) 11. of the cup (other) 12. for indecision (other) 13. in the clinic (place) 14. in the city (place) 15. just after sunset (time)
Exercise 4.3
1. The road by our house is being paved; Adj/It 2. The frozen chickens in the supermarket are not very good; Adj/They 3. Breakfast will be served in the main dining room; Adv 4. Their discovery of an error has caused the company to restate its earnings; Adj/It 5. A restaurant in our neighborhood serves really good Chinese food; Adj/It 6. After much debate, we decided to consult a specialist in toxic waste removal; Adv; Adj/him/her 7. We finally found the book we wanted online; Adv 8. The star of the show was a young singer from Australia; Adj/It/He/ She; Adj/it/he/she 9. Ignorance of the law is not a valid defense in court; Adj/It; Adv 10. Visitors from China are always welcome in our company; Adj/They; Adv 11. The floor in the cabinwas rough, unfinished wood; Adj/It 12. The popularity of his book was a big factor; Adj/It 13. During the night, there was a fire that caused some damage; Adv 14. He has the heart of a lion and the brain of a jellyfish; Adj/it; Adj/it 15. At lunch time, I bought a new coat at the mall; Adv; Adv
Exercise 4.4
1. We are going to refinance the mortgage that we have on our house; it 2. Most of the staff who work at my office will be attending the office party; They 3. The place where the pipe connects to the water line is badly corroded; It 4. We talked to the subjects whom we had previously identified; them 5. Ralph, whom you met on your last trip here, will take you around; He 6. They examined the building where the meetings would be held; it 7. That week was a period when everything seemed to go wrong; it 8. They asked us to redo the tests that we had done earlier; them 9. It was a memorial to the pioneers who first settled this area; them 10. We took them to the laboratory, which is in the basement; it 11. They took pictures of the river where the bridge had washed out; it 12. I didn’t know the person whom they were discussing; him/her 13. We had an adventure that we certainly had not planned on; it 14. My parents, who live in a small town, always enjoy visiting the city; They 15. The manager, whom we had contacted earlier,approved our check; He/She 16. Some fans whose enthusiasm knew no limits climbed up on stage; They 17. Berlin, which had been a divided city, is now open to everyone; It 18. Our friends went to a museum where there was free admission on Mondays; it 19. That was the moment when I knew we were in big trouble; it 20. The yogurt, which had been in our refrigerator for months, had to be thrown out; It
Exercise 4.5
Exercise 4.6
1. that 2. whose 3. whose 4. who 5. when 6. who 7. whom 8. whose 9. where 10. when 11. that 12. whose 13. that 14. who 15. whom 16. that 17. who 18. where 19. whom 20. whom
Exercise 4.7
1. whose enthusiasm knows no limits 2. that they were setting 3. where we were running 4. whom I had never even heard of before 5. that raises the front ramp 6. who never cut corners on anything 7. where the meeting will be held 8. that has temporarily affected his shortterm memory 9. where there would be little impact on the environment 10. whose bid won the contract 11. that you can’t win 12. that was given by the hosting organization 13. that the desk clerk gave us 14. whose work we consulted 15. that we went through 16. who asked not to be identified 17. whose foundation sponsored the conference 18. that you have 19. whose outcome was never in doubt 20. that we reviewed
Exercise 4.8
1. who (that is also OK) 2. OK 3. whom 4. who 5. whom 6. OK 7. who 8. whom 9. whom 10. who 11. who 12. whom 13. who 14. OK 15. who
Exercise 4.9
Exercise 4.10
1. whom we all know 2. whom they had photographed the day before 3. whom he had faced 4. whom we saw at the beach 5. that they discussed during the lecture 6. that I was riding 7. that they had picked for the wedding ceremony 8. whom we saw at the Chinese opera 9. that they played during intermission 10. whom everyone likes at first meeting 11. whom I had never met before 12. that we should have seen coming 13. that I had reservations for 14. that I remember best 15. whom we admire the most now 16. whom we had hired 17. that Thomas Dewey suffered at the hand of Truman in 1948 18. that we had planned for ourselves 19. that we saw in the old movies 20. that the defense put forward
Exercise 4.11
1. where we had dinner last night; restrictive 2. that are made of wood; restrictive 3. whom I knew in high school; nonrestrictive 4. that grow in the Pacific Northwest; restrictive 5. that we just took; restrictive 6. that is on the Mississippi River; restrictive 7. who commutes an hour each way; nonrestrictive 8. that I use at work; restrictive 9. who works for our parent company; nonrestrictive 10. which has fluctuated wildly lately; nonrestrictive 11. that has completely blocked the tri-city bridge; restrictive 12. which crosses the James River; nonrestrictive 13. who represents our company; restrictive 14. who reports directly to the CEO; non- restrictive 15. which he promptly wrecked the first time he drove it; nonrestrictive 16. that I could hardly refuse under the circumstances; restrictive 17. which was the coldest in twenty years; nonrestrictive 18. that were engaged in overly aggressive loans; restrictive 19. that were coming from my printer; restrictive 20. who were killed in World War I; restrictive 21. which cost me over a hundred dollars; nonrestrictive 22. that was not refrigerated right after the party; restrictive 23. where my dentist has her office; restrictive 24. that are consumed in the United States; restrictive 25. who is not noted for his sense of humor; nonrestrictive
Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1
1. It 2. them 3. They 4. it 5. He/She 6. it 7. They 8. him/her 9. It 10. them 11. it 12. him/her 13. They 14. it 15. He/She
Exercise 5.2
1. theirs 2. your 3. her 4. yours 5. yours 6. their 7. yours 8. hers 9. their 10. hers
Exercise 5.3
1. Good writers choose their words carefully. 2. Geologists spend most of their research time in the field. 3. Teachers should allow their students time to finish their work. 4. When parents arrive, ask them to take a seat. 5. We need people who will try their best. 6. All of the farmers in the neighborhood have already harvested their crops by now. 7. All painters have to learn how to keep their brushes in good condition. 8. Find some officers/the police and tell them what happened. 9. Any secretaries we hire must have Excel in their resumes. 10. Children who are invited here must mind their manners. 11. Call the hospital/the doctors and tell them we have an emergency here. 12. No CEOs would pass up an opportunity to improve their companies. 13. We cannot hire foreign citizens unless we see their green cards. 14. If visitors stop by, ask them to wait in the library. 15. No members of the Republican Party would lend their names to a cause like that.
Exercise 5.4
1. myself (I) 2. themselves (They) 3. herself (girl) 4. myself (I) 5. ourselves (we) 6. itself (trip) 7. themselves (workers) 8. themselves (pages) 9. itself (system) 10. yourself (you) 11. themselves (politicians) 12. themselves (children) 13. himself (Sam) 14. yourself (you) 15. myself (I)
Exercise 5.5
1. himself; functional 2. itself; functional 3. themselves; emphatic; They themselves saw the accident on the freeway. 4. myself; emphatic; I myself couldn’t help smiling. 5. itself; emphatic; Their mortgage itself takes nearly half their income. 6. himself; functional 7. herself; emphatic; She herself proposed the idea. 8. yourself; functional 9. myself; emphatic; I myself did all the necessary paperwork. 10. themselves; emphatic; The consultants themselves were opposed to the new project.
Chapter 6
Exercise 6.1
1. amusing 2. becoming 3. choosing 4. clapping 5. dating 6. fitting 7. Focusing 8. giving 9. grouping 10. judging 11. looping 12. managing 13. mining 14. modeling 15. profiting 16. researching 17. servicing 18. staying 19. traveling 20. vetoing
Exercise 6.2
1. Putting the schedule on the website 2. hearing some discussion about that 3. solving the quality control problems 4. trying to please everybody 5. cutting back on a few of our less important projects 6. Working such long hours 7. Getting it right the first time 8. having to take such a late flight 9. getting enough time to do everything 10. sliding into the ditch 11. Arriving at the airport a couple of hours early 12. ordering in pizza 13. doing the whole thing by himself 14. Acting so quickly 15. attaching such a big file to the e-mail 16. leaving early 17. Knowing the right thing; doing the right thing 18. achieving results 19. Getting off to such a bad start 20. Seeing; believing
Exercise 6.3
1. was showing; progressive; Our effort showed a definite improvement in sales. 2. being late for an important meeting; gerund; My worry is it. 3. were playing; progressive; The kids played in the backyard. 4. playing in the backyard; gerund; The kids’ favorite activity is it. 5. watching football on TV; gerund; John’s idea of a good time is it. 6. was studying; progressive; Sally studied classical Greek in Athens last summer. 7. studying classical Greek some summer; gerund; Sally’s great ambition is it. 8. getting stuck in traffic on the way home; gerund; The problem was it. 9. losing a really close game that we could have won; gerund; The worst thing is it. 10. are meeting; progressive; We meet them at a restaurant near the station.
Exercise 6.4
1. to go to the play after having dinner in town. 2. to get an apartment somewhere in easy commuting distance. 3. To operate heavy equipment 4. to enroll in a gym or health club. 5. to get out of the contract any way we could. 6. To teach math in middle schools 7. to analyze the financial status of a small business. 8. To assume that you know what is going on 9. to fight against the zoning change. 10. To permit such dangerous behavior 11. to stop for lunch 12. To give up so easily 13. to make them an offer they couldn’t refuse. 14. to stretch our legs. 15. to think about all the awful things that could happen. 16. To receive this award from you 17. to add three new positions. 18. to take a full load next semester. 19. to believe that they were telling us the truth. 20. To err; to forgive
Exercise 6.5
1. It was a great feeling to get finished on time. 2. It was Senator Blather’s goal to unite the voters behind his candidacy. 3. It was totally out of character to miss three meetings in a row. 4. It was of utmost importance to make the criminals pay for their crimes.5. It was just asking for trouble to cut too many corners. 6. It seemed terribly rude to begin eating while the hostess was in the kitchen.7. It is the responsibility of every applicant to meet all the course prerequisites.8. It is the gift of a great painter to see the landscape with fresh eyes.9. It is the first obligation of a policeman to enforce the laws.10. It seemed necessary to get a clear picture of what was going on.
Chapter 7
Exercise 7.1
1. That the movie was in French 2. that you get really exhausted after long flights 3. that it would stop raining 4. That I know all the answers 5. that we would take a trip to New Mexico this summer 6. that they should quit while they are ahead 7. that we were about 10 percent under budget 8. That we were going to be late 9. that she should jump at such a good opportunity 10. that it is a good idea to go ahead 11. that we would enter the competition 12. that we had been right all along 13. that we would be able to finish on time 14. that everything would be OK 15. that we should stick to our original plan 16. that they would be home by dinner time 17. That they loved Italian food 18. that they could rent a car when they got there 19. that we will be hearing from them any time now 20. that we were prepared and they were not
Exercise 7.2
1. It came as a big relief that it was over so quickly.2. It soon became obvious that the road was impassable. 3. It would appear to be the case that we had made a good decision. 4. It seemed certain that the workers would need more time.5. It was apparent to everyone that they should address the problem quickly.6. It seemed increasingly likely that we would have to reschedule the meeting. 7. It became clear after all that I would have to cancel the meeting.8. It was likely that the risk was getting too great to accept.9. It became embarrassingly obvious that they had forgotten to confirm our reservation.10. It was a great disappointment to all her fans that she had to leave so soon.
Exercise 7.3
1. that the referee had made a mistake; Noun; The coach claimed it. 2. that we are going to get a big snowstorm this weekend; Noun; Did you hear it? 3. that we had proposed; Adj; The experiment which we had proposed was finally approved. 4. that we were going to the Smiths’ tonight; Noun; I almost forgot it. 5. that they took to New Zealand; Adj; They will never forget the trip which they took to New Zealand. 6. that we could all agree on; Adj; We finally picked a design which we could all agree on. 7. that the discussion had gone as well as it could; Noun; Everybody felt it. 8. that we will have this afternoon; Adj; I am very worried about the meeting which we will have this afternoon. 9. that we could not get a cab in a rainstorm; Noun; We quickly discovered it. 10. that we had ordered; Adj; The cab which we had ordered never showed up.
Exercise 7.4
1. He claimed that he had been working at home all afternoon.2. I wouldn’t have guessed that it would have cost so much.3. His son showed us that he could ride his bicycle without using his hands.4. We quickly discovered that the roads were nearly impassable.5. I suggest that we stay at the airport hotel and fly out in the morning.6. Did you notice that Senator Blather was wearing one brown shoe and one black shoe?7. They concluded that the proposal was going to need a lot more work. 8. The coach told the team that they would have to practice much harder.9. As I have gotten older, I have found that I need to take better notes at meetings. 10. The defendant denied that he had ever been to Chicago.
Exercise 7.5
1. where all those copies of the report went; We never learned it. 2. whatever you want them to do; They will do it. 3. Why they behaved the way they did; It is a complete mystery to me. 4. whose approval was necessary for the project to get started; I wondered it. 5. where the boxes were stacked up; They parked the trucks not far from it. 6. for whom the bell tolls; Ask not for it. 7. why we did it in the first place; After all, that was it. 8. whose car was blocking the driveway? Did you ever find out it? 9. Whenever they want to start; It is OK with me. 10. how she wanted us to do it; She showed us it. 11. what the problem was; You will never guess it. 12. whatever they would pay us; We had to settle for it. 13. whomever the board appoints; The new CEO is it. 14. whatever is said at the meetings; The secretary will record it. 15. What you see; what you get; It is it.
Exercise 7.6
1. what I needed — 2. What we did — 3. why they did it — 4. what you actually do — 5. what you were trying to accomplish — 6. Whenever you can make it — 7. whose suggestion it was — 8. what they said — 9. which one they would pick — 10. what we should do — 11. Whom I voted for — 12. What they had to say — 13. where they said it would be — 14. what you have learned — 15. What John gave Mary —
Exercise 7.7
Chapter 8
Exercise 8.1
(The sentences you write will differ from these sentences.) 1. Drive; Be careful when you go home. 2. help; My grandmother let the kids be pirates. 3. act; We asked them if they wanted to be in the play. 4. do; The teacher explained what they would be next. 5. arrive; Alice wants to to be on time for the party. 6. make; Please be as quiet as you can. 7. arrive; I thought that the train would be late as usual. 8. go; My dog hates it when I have to be away. 9. Come; Be here early if it is at all possible. 10. get; I love to be invited to these meetings.
Exercise 8.2
Exercise 8.3
1. races /əz/ 2. sends /z/ 3. knocks /s/ 4. shops /s/ 5. eats /s/ 6. mentions /z/ 7. rushes /əz/ 8. approaches /əz/ 9. contains /z/ 10. doubts /s/ 11. causes /əz/
12. clashes /əz/ 13. hedges /əz/ 14. ends /z/ 15. freezes /əz/ 16. shows /z/ 17. fails /z/ 18. patches /əz/ 19. allows /z/ 20. signs /z/
Exercise 8.4
1. admits 2. supplies 3. goes 4. leaves 5. annoys 6. kisses 7. haves 8. matches 9. identifies 10. declares 11. reduces 12. approaches 13. destroys 14. eliminates
15. convinces
Exercise 8.5
1. defined /d/ 2. washed /t/ 3. shouted /əd/ 4. ranged /d/ 5. owned /d/ 6. tested /əd/ 7. granted /əd/ 8. saved /d/ 9. compared /d/ 10. approved /d/ 11. picked /t/ 12. extended /əd/ 13. ruled /d/ 14. taxed /t/ 15. permitted /əd/
Exercise 8.6
1. showed 2. denied 3. dropped 4. varied 5. occurred 6. hoped 7. Permitted 8. stayed 9. applied 10. flowed 11. slipped 12. delayed 13. starred 14. Enjoyed 15. dried
Exercise 8.7
1. skipping 2. crying 3. desiring 4. voting 5. phrasing 6. replying 7. spotting 8. admitting 9. shaking 10. caring
Exercise 8.8
1. had frozen. 2. had risen 3. had spoken 4. was woken 5. was hidden
Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1
1. future perfect 2. present perfect 3. future 4. present perfect 5. past 6. future progressive 7. present progressive 8. future 9. present perfect 10. present perfect 11. present perfect progressive 12. present progressive 13. future perfect 14. past perfect progressive 15. present perfect progressive 16. future perfect progressive 17. future perfect 18. present perfect 19. future perfect progressive 20. future perfect
Exercise 9.2
1. habitual 2. timeless 3. timeless 4. habitual 5. timeless 6. habitual 7. timeless 8. timeless 9. timeless 10. timeless 11. timeless 12. timeless 13. timeless 14. habitual 15. timeless
Exercise 9.3
1. left 2. has lost 3. has sung 4. has had 5. moved 6. have lived 7. lost 8. landed 9. went 10. has permitted 11. showed 12. have complained 13. fell 14. have driven 15. drove
Exercise 9.4
1. had suffered; happened 2. had received; decided 3. had made; called 4. wrote; had solved 5. had gone; got 6. had stopped; shoveled 7. had let; dashed 8. had experienced; requested 9. had written; went 10. had read; began 11. had continued; got 12. had vacationed; had 13. had waited; closed 14. were; had removed 15. settled; had offered
Exercise 9.5
1. will have hardened; get 2. will have cleared; leave/have left 3. will have starved; brings 4. will have walked; arrives/has arrived 5. will have forgotten; finishes/has finished 6. will have locked; have cleared 7. will have wondered; caused/has caused 8. will have filled; locates/has located 9. will have completed; finishes/has finished 10. will have furnished; moved/have moved
Exercise 9.6
1. is encountering 2. unlocks; stative 3. doubts; stative 4. is parking 5. costs; stative 6. deserve; stative 7. are visiting 8. is altering 9. want; stative 10. is undergoing 11. doubt; stative 12. consists; stative 13. is confirming 14. are struggling 15. belongs; stative 16. is commanding 17. is cooperating 18. suits; stative 19. is conveying 20. are waiting
Exercise 9.7
1. was baking 2. was walking 3. was grading 4. were living 5. were controlling
Chapter 10
Exercise 10.1
Exercise 10.2
1. They heard what you said. /it 2. The lawyers confirmed that we needed to consult a patent attorney./it 3. They emphasized always being on time to meetings./it 4. I anticipated having to get a taxi to get to work on time./it 5. We finally chose to look for a new apartment closer to our jobs./it 6. The contract specified that all the work had to be finished by June 30./it 7. We resumed what we had been doing before we had to stop./it 8. The audience appreciated how well they had performed./it 9. We looked into taking a vacation in Mexico this summer./it 10. You need to be more careful in the future./it 11. The witness swore that the defendant had not been at the scene./it 12. I couldn’t resist making fun of such a ridiculous idea./it 13. Nobody could understand his excited shouting./it 14. Finally we recovered what we had initially invested in the company./it 15. Please forgive what I said earlier./it
Exercise 10.3
1. my parents/them; I dropped them off at the station. 2. the message/it; Jordan wrote it down on a slip of paper. 3. the report/it; He looked it over carefully. 4. the next course/it; The waiter brought it in promptly. 5. the memo/it; Susan read it back to me. 6. the answer/it; I looked it up on Google. 7. all the complexities/them; George thought them through very carefully. 8. all the major points/them; We talked them over before the meeting. 9. my stolen bicycle/it; Finally, I got it back from the police station. 10. her troubles/them; She poured them out to her closest friend. 11. the kids’ toys/them; We picked them up quickly. 12. the company’s generous offer/it; Albert turned it down regretfully. 13. all the loose ends/them; I put them together in a neat package.14. their company/it; Our company is taking it over in a friendly merger. 15. his case/it; The lawyer summed it up simply and forcefully.
Exercise 10.4
1. Insep 2. Sep; played the size of the problem down3. Insep 4. Sep; split the original team up 5. Insep 6. Insep 7. Sep; pointed all the problems out8. Sep; pulled the red convertible over 9. Insep 10. Sep; blew a gasoline truck up 11. Insep 12. Sep; paper his involvement over 13. Insep 14. Sep; pare our expenses down 15. Insep 16. Sep; set the display tables up 17. Insep 18. Sep; turned our badges in19. Insep 20. Sep; playing the entire conversation over
Exercise 10.5
1. Act; The keys ≠ the storage cabinet 2. Link; The plan = a good idea at the time 3. Act; The board ≠ the plan 4. Link; Richard = a highly successful salesman 5. Link; Her new car = a Ford 6. Link; his new mansion = a cheap motel 7. Link; Louise greatly = her sister Thelma 8. Act; Louise ≠ her sister Thelma 9. Link; The new nominee = a good choice for the job 10. Link; The housing market = a complete disaster 11. Link; My first choice = an apartment 12. Link; Albuquerque = a typical city in the 1960s 13. Link; The actor = a man in his midfifties 14. Link; My brother = a lawyer in a big law firm 15. Link; What you can see = all that we have left
Exercise 10.6
1. Link; Agnes turned deathly pale. Pred Adj 2. Link; The note sounded flat to me. Pred Adj 3. Link; George seemed terribly upset about something. Pred Adj 4. Link; The situation could easily turn ugly. Pred Adj 5. Link; You look ready to go. Pred Adj 6. Act 7. Link; Jason looked like a ghost of his former self. Pred Nom 8. Link; they have grown closer to each other. Pred Adj 9. Link; The day was getting terribly warm. Pred Adj 10. Link; Please remain calm. Pred Adj 11. Link; The wine has gone bad. Pred Adj 12. Link; felt much better after seeing the doctor. Pred Adj 13. Link; They looked ready to go. Pred Adj 14. Link; Our simple plan has turned into a huge project. Pred Nom 15. Link; All the indicators appeared positive. Pred Adj
Exercise 10.7
1. Very test: very frightening; Paraphrase: X movie frightened (who?); Very test: X very frightening the children; Paraphrase: movie frightened the children 2. Very test: very demanding; Paraphrase: X boss demanded (what?); Very test: X very demanding an answer; Paraphrase: boss demanded an answer 3. Very test: very surprising; Paraphrase: X suggestions surprised (who?); Very test: X very surprising everyone; Paraphrase: suggestions surprised everyone 4. Very test: very alarming; Paraphrase: X mistakes alarmed (who?); Very test: X very alarming everyone; Paraphrase: mistakes alarmed everyone 5. Very test: very accepting; Paraphrase: X Company accepted (who?); Very test: X very accepting applications; Paraphrase: Company accepted applications.
Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1
1. My brother teaches college-prep high school seniors (IO) advanced calculus (DO) 2. Please order me (IO) a toasted bagel with cream cheese (DO). 3. I offered a friend (IO) a lift to the train station (DO). 4. Could you read the kids (IO) a bedtime story (DO) before it gets too late? 5. I did him (IO) a big favor (DO) once. 6. Pass us (IO) some plates and silverware (DO), will you? 7. We should give the people working at the desk (IO) a short break (DO). 8. Let’s fix her (IO) a nice dinner (DO) for her birthday. 9. Last year we sold the Johnston company (IO) about a thousand laser-jet printers (DO). 10. Her great uncle left me (IO) a small bequest (DO) in his will. 11. We saved you (IO) a piece of birthday cake (DO). 12. The car dealership loaned us (IO) a car (DO) while ours is in the shop. 13. We should write them (DO) a nice thank-you note (IO) for their gift. 14. Please get me (IO) all the current invoices (DO). 15. We should show the visitors (IO) the new art gallery (DO).
Exercise 11.2
1. My brother teaches advanced calculus to college-prep high school seniors. 2. Please order a toasted bagel with cream cheese for me. 3. I offered a lift to the train station to a friend. 4. Could you read a bedtime story to the kids before it gets too late? 5. I did a big favor for him once. 6. Pass some plates and silverware to us, will you? 7. We should give a short break to the people working at the desk. 8. Let’s fix a nice dinner for her for her birthday. 9. Last year we sold about a thousand laser-jet printers to the Johnston company. 10. Her great uncle left a small bequest to me in his will. 11. We saved a piece of birthday cake for you. 12. The car dealership loaned a car to us while ours is in the shop. 13. We should write a nice thank-you note to them for their gift. 14. Please get all the current invoices for me. 15. We should show the new art gallery to the visitors.
Exercise 11.3
1. I owed it to him/her. 2. The real estate agent found it for them. 3. The agent handed it to them. 4. The music teacher taught it to her. 5. The wizard granted them to her. 6. Please serve it to them. 7. The owner very kindly saved it for them. 8. Throw it to him, will you? 9. The boss promised it to her. 10. Would you read it to them again, please? 11. John bought it for them. 12. We prepared it for him/her. 13. Please give them to her. 14. We ordered it for them. 15. Ship them to it/them.
Exercise 11.4
1. myself (Obj) = a better person (NP Comp); X wished a better person to/for myself 2. the CEO (Obj) = a great natural leader (NP Comp); X considers a great natural leader to/for the CEO. 3. them (IO) ≠ the truth (DO); told the truth to them. 4. her (Obj) = Undersecretary of State for Latin Affairs (NP Comp); X appointed Undersecretary of State for Latin Affairs to/ for her 5. AMPEX Corporation (Obj) = the company of the year (NP Comp); X named the company of the year to/for AMPEX Corporation 6. himself (Obj) = an expert on foreign affairs (NP Comp); X considered an expert on foreign affairs to/for himself 7. them (IO) ≠ my name (DO); told my name to them 8. them (IO) ≠ a long and happy life (DO); wished a long and happy life to them 9. him (Obj) = one of the best young golfers in the state (NP Comp); X ranked one of the best young golfers in the state to/for him 10. himself (Obj) = a junk-food addict (NP Comp); X confessed a junk-food addict to/for himself 11. her (Obj) = a rising star in the industry (NP Comp); X called a rising star in the industry to/for her 12. us (IO) ≠ a terrific apartment (DO); found a terrific apartment for us. 13. John (Obj) = a bit of a bore (NP Comp); X found a bit of a bore to/for him 14. himself (IO) ≠ a cheese sandwich (DO); made a cheese sandwich for himself 15. himself (Obj) = a first-rate bridge player (NP Comp); X made a first-rate bridge player to/for himself
Exercise 11.5
1. his opponents (Obj) = angry (Adj Comp) 2. the food (Obj) = cold (Adj Comp) 3. my chili (Obj) = blazing hot (Adj Comp) 4. him (Obj) = quite entertaining (Adj Comp). 5. him (Obj) = trustworthy (Adj Comp) 6. them (Obj) = ready (Adj Comp) 7. the deck (Obj) = a light blue (Adj Comp) 8. the original hypothesis (Obj) = correct (Adj Comp) 9. their food (Obj) = only so-so (Adj Comp) 10. the presentation (Obj) = light and upbeat (Adj Comp)
Exercise 11.6
1. We always found them (Obj) to be kind and considerate (Adj Comp). 2. I believed myself (Obj) to be ready (Adj Comp). 3. The jury must presume the defendant (Obj) to be innocent (Adj Comp). 4. I consider you (Obj) to be a fair person (NP Comp). 5. The treasurer showed himself (Obj) to be a wizard of financial control (NP Comp). 6. We just assumed the budget (Obj) to be a done deal (NP Comp). 7. It is a mistake to think him (Obj) to be a fool (NP Comp). 8. The court found the plaintiff’s claim (Obj) to be valid (Adj Comp). 9. I always maintained them (Obj) to be one of the best companies in the business (NP Comp). 10. I confessed myself (Obj) to be totally ignorant of what they were talking about (Adj Comp).
Exercise 11.7
1. take 2. take 3. bring 4. take 5. take 6. bring 7. Take 8. take 9. took 10. brought
Exercise 11.8
1. My boss told me (Obj) that I would have to work late tonight (that clause). 2. We satisfied them (Obj) that our emergency plans met all state and federal requirements (that clause). 3. I urge the company (Obj) that they reconsider their decision (that clause). 4. We will inform them (Obj) that the meeting has been cancelled (that clause). 5. The consultant advised the union (Obj) that the contract would have to be rewritten (that clause). 6. The salesman assured us (Obj) that the car was in perfect running order (that clause). 7. I’ll bet you (Obj) that we can’t get a taxi at this time of day (that clause). 8. Convince me (Obj) that I’m wrong (that clause). 9. We instructed everyone (Obj) that they would have to fill out new payroll forms (that clause). 10. I e-mailed them (Obj) that we would be back a day early (that clause). 11. Don’t remind me (Obj) that this was my idea to begin with (that clause). 12. Man, that really taught me (Obj) that I should get everything in writing (that clause). 13. Promise me (Obj) that you will be careful (that clause) 14. My boss finally persuaded the company (Obj) that they should revise the policy (that clause). 15. I warned them (Obj) that they would get into trouble (that clause).
Exercise 11.9
1. remarked to me 2. stated to us 3. suggest to them 4. point out to the committee 5. confessed to him 6. OK 7. acknowledged to the reporters 8. explained to them 9. OK 10. complained to them 11. will report to them 12. admitted to them 13. said to me 14. OK 15. proposed to them
Exercise 11.10
1. We expected them (Obj) to be ready by now (Inf). (cognition) 2. The government permitted the project (Obj) to go ahead under certain restrictions (Inf). (permission) 3. Roberta wanted the kids (Obj) to go to summer school this year (Inf). (causation) 4. The coupon entitles you (Obj) to buy a second ticket at half price (Inf). (permission) 5. Remind me (Obj) to get some gas on the way home (Inf). (causation) 6. I believed myself (Obj) to be entirely in the wrong (Inf). (cognition) 7. They used the loan (Obj) to buy some much-needed equipment (Inf). (causation) 8. The news prompted us (Obj) to reconsider what we were planning (Inf). (causation) 9. The VP asked Anne (Obj) to head up the new division in Europe (Inf). (naming ) 10. Please allow us (Obj) to help you with that (Inf). (permission) 11. His parents encouraged her (Obj) to apply to Duke (Inf). (causation) 12. I knew them (Obj) to be better players than they had first appeared (Inf). (cognition) 13. He inspired us (Obj) to try even harder (Inf). (causation) 14. The CEO picked an outsider (Obj) to head the review committee (Inf). (naming) 15. The results forced us (Obj) to reevaluate all of our plans (Inf). (causation)
Exercise 11.11
1. flutter 2. make 3. play 4. say 5. to be 6. discuss 7. get 8. get 9. give 10. talk
Exercise 11.12
1. finishing up 2. both 3. do 4. hiding 5. both 6. smoking 7. talking 8. both 9. both 10. worrying 11. finish 12. both 13. both 14. dozing off 15. both
Exercise 11.13
1. Obj Base; Please let me (Obj) help you with that (base form). 2. Obj Adj Comp; The test proves the suspect (Obj) innocent (Adj Comp). 3. Obj Pres Part; I noticed them (Obj) leaving during the meeting (Pres Part). 4. Obj NP Comp; They appointed her (Obj) chief counsel (NP Comp). 5. Obj Adv of Pl; He is putting the leftovers (Obj) into the refrigerator (Adv of Pl). 6. IO DO; My parents sent the kids (IO) some books (DO). 7. Obj Adj Comp; Fortunately, the board considered my idea (Obj) quite promising (Adj Comp). 8. Obj That; I told them (Obj) (that) they needed to get prior approval before going ahead (that clause). 9. Obj Adv of Pl; Sadly, I put the iPhone (Obj) back on the counter (Adv of Pl). 10. Obj NP Comp; We thought the outcome (Obj) a big disappointment (NP Comp), to tell the truth. 11. IO DO; Can you give my friend (IO) a lift to the airport (DO)? 12. To That; Let us prove to you (to phrase) that we can do the job (that clause). 13. Obj Adv of Pl; We moved the kittens (Obj) out of the kids’ bedroom (Adv of Pl). 14. Obj Inf; I wanted my parents (Obj) to stay with us this Christmas (Inf). 15. Obj Adv of Pl; I drove the car (Obj) over to my mother’s house (Adv of Pl). 16. Obj Base; I had the waiter (Obj) set an extra place for you (Base form). 17. Obj Inf; We helped them (Obj) to get ready to leave (Inf). 18. Obj That; I told them (Obj) that we would be a little late for dinner (that clause). 19. IO DO; Jane baked Sarah (IO) a birthday cake (DO). 20. Obj NP Comp; I considered our project (Obj) a success (NP Comp). 21. Obj Inf; What prompted John (Obj) to change his mind so suddenly (Inf)? 22. Obj Adj Comp; The oven will keep food (Obj) hot for hours (Adj Comp). 23. To That; She explained to us (to phrase) that her parents would need to use the apartment that week (that clause). 24. Obj Pres Part; I caught my son (Obj) watching TV while studying (Pres Part). 25. To That; I confess to you (to phrase) that I am more than a little nervous (that clause).
Chapter 12
Exercise 12.1
1. usually 2. once 3. simply 4. suddenly 5. often 6. again. 7. too. 8. well. 9. perhaps 10. always 11. already 12. probably 13. soon. 14. always 15. often
Exercise 12.2
1. safely 2. perfectly 3. warmly 4. barely adequately 5. reasonably 6. very quietly 7. capably 8. properly 9. softly 10. excellently 11. quite engagingly 12. devotedly 13. clearly 14. tellingly 15. disgustedly
Exercise 12.3
1. sleepily 2. rarely 3. needily 4. hardily 5. immediately 6. greedily 7. truly 8. sketchily 9. scarily 10. gaily
Exercise 12.4
1. sooner, soonest 2. later, latest 3. more frequently, most frequently 4. rawer, rawest 5. more firmly, most firmly 6. more brilliantly, most brilliantly 7. longer, longest 8. more honestly, most honestly 9. more critically, most critically 10. lower, lowest 11. more bitterly, most bitterly 12. better, best 13. more heavily, most heavily 14. tighter, tightest 15. worse, worst
Exercise 12.5
1. in the back room; noun phrase 2. by spilling food; gerund 3. on us; pronoun 4. by simplifying the entire process; gerund 5. by how loudly he played the TV; noun clause 6. over the holidays; noun phrase 7. after we placed an ad in the local paper; noun clause 8. near Cleveland; noun phrase 9. by what he said; noun clause. 10. in Italy; noun phrase
Exercise 12.6
1. in order to save the candidate any further embarrassment 2. in order to reduce the risk of infection3. in order to attract a larger market 4. in order to pick up some things for the picnic5. in order to protect my legs from the thorns6. in order to minimize the possible damage 7. in order to file the estate papers8. in order to ensure that they would have a place to stay9. in order to ensure compliance with federal regulations 10. in order to show that there were no hard feelings
Exercise 12.7
1. if (Sub Conj) he can (statement) 2. before (Sub Conj) it gets too dark (statement) 3. unless (Sub Conj) there is an unexpected problem (statement) 4. when (Sub Conj) the curtain goes up (statement) 5. after (Sub Conj) we had finished the presentation (statement) 6. as soon as (Sub Conj) we could (statement) 7. when (Sub Conj) the waiter comes (statement) 8. after (Sub Conj) I get back to the office on Monday (statement) 9. everywhere (Sub Conj) we looked (statement) 10. whenever (Sub Conj) we want them to (statement) 11. if ( Sub Conj) we made a good argument (statement) 12. unless (Sub Conj) there is a good reason (statement) 13. because (Sub Conj) we had to rush the job (statement) 14. everywhere (Sub Conj) we went (statement) 15. since (Sub Conj) they first moved to the city in the late eighties (statement)
Exercise 12.8
1. Between Christmas and New Year’s, Sally gained five pounds. 2. Quickly, the zookeeper replaced the cover. 3. Before I went into the meeting, I had everything ready. 4. To avoid the morning rush, we took a later train. 5. By a rigid quarantine, the public health department was able to halt the disease. 6. In the mountains to the east of us, there is a report of a serious forest fire. 7. Sometime during the winter, he will undergo treatment. 8. After getting advice from counsel, we have decided to drop the suit. 9. Whenever we get a heavy spring rain, the streets flood. 10. Over the past six months, we have made significant improvements. 11. After the last ice storm, the roads were nearly impassable. 12. If I got a raise this year, we could afford a new car. 13. To get more storage space, the company rented another office. 14. On nice Sunday afternoons, the family goes for a drive. 15. Finally, we got some good news.
Exercise 12.9
1. at the station (place) before getting on the train (time) 2. to find the cheapest fares (reason) 3. in the office (place) most mornings (time) 4. hard (manner) every day (time) 5. at the university (place) this spring (time) 6. quite well (manner) today (time) 7. thoughtfully (manner) for a few minutes (time) 8. today (time) because the local store didn’t have it (reason) 9. carefully (manner) to make sure the rug would fit (reason) 10. this morning (time) because they couldn’t go (reason) 11. recently (time) by extending the deadline (reason) 12. last week (time) because he needed it for a research project (reason) 13. noisily (manner) in the backyard (place) all afternoon (time) 14. by growling at us (manner) every time we came near him (time) 15. this morning (time) because we were all going the same place (reason)
Exercise 12.10
1. I hurt my knee at the gym over the weekend. 2. They fixed my computer this afternoon by replacing the circuit board. 3. The river roars loudly all the time because the flow is so restricted. 4. We had our sales presentation at the Marriott since our offices were being repainted. 5. He talked so loudly because he was calling from his cell phone. 6. We survey all of our customers carefully every year to keep current with their needs. 7. I recognized the problem at once since we had dealt with that issue before. 8. Everyone liked the company a lot for their generous leave policy. 9. We investigated the problem thoroughly before we took any action. 10. I got very tired at the gym this afternoon because it was so hot. 11. Can you postpone the meeting for a few minutes to give them time to get organized? 12. Our son is taking advanced placement courses at school every weekend. 13. Everyone enjoyed the lecture a great deal because the material was new to us. 14. You must enforce your policies seriously to get any real compliance. 15. We tour Italy every year to collect antiques. 16. He understood the idea perfectly when we explained to him again. 17. You must solve the problem right now in order to head off a bigger problem later. 18. They will review your proposal carefully since it has major cost implications. 19. Please turn off the lights in the office when you leave in order to save electricity. 20. Can I borrow the car tonight to take Anne to a movie?
Chapter 13
Exercise 13.1
1. Can determine; yes-no 2. did arrest; information 3. can afford; information 4. Have decided; yes-no 5. Was surprising; yes-no 6. should want; information 7. Is ringing; yes- no 8. Has been raining; yes-no 9. Must insure; yes-no 10. Will be; yes-no 11. would cost; information 12. Will disturb; yes-no 13. should care; information 14. Has approved; yes- no 15. will be meeting; information
Exercise 13.2
1. Are (main verb) we ready to leave soon? 2. Can (modal auxiliary) you translate that into Spanish? 3. Were (main verb) the kids very happy with their presents? 4. Should (modal auxiliary) I decline a second helping of your terrific dessert? 5. Will (modal auxiliary) they be able to finance it by themselves? 6. Have (helping verb) the French filmmakers influenced his movies a lot? 7. Is (main verb) her criticism of great concern to the board? 8. Am (helping verb) I working on it? 9. Should (modal auxiliary) he postpone his trip? 10. Are (helping verb) they just kidding? 11. Has (helping verb) it gone on too long? 12. Could (modal auxiliary) he have done it differently? 13. Are (main verb) they in big trouble about this? 14. Will (modal auxiliary) that stain the carpet? 15. Are (main verb) we turning around at the next corner?
Exercise 13.3
1. He did install; Did he install 2. Tom did fall; Did Tom fall 3. Ralph did buy; Did Ralph buy 4. Ruth does swim; Does Ruth swim 5. The meeting did last; Did the meeting last 6. They do trust; Do they trust 7. The boss did quit; Did the boss quit 8. They did try; Did they try 9. The wind did damage; Did the wind damage 10. Bob does retire; Does Bob retire 11. She did loan; Did she loan 12. He did wreck; Did he wreck 13. She did get; Did she get 14. He did pay; Did he pay 15. She does still talk; Does she still talk
Exercise 13.4
(Only the beginning of each sentence is shown. The remainder of the sentence does not change.) 1. They guessed; Did they guess 2. You can combine; Can you combine3. That eliminated; Did that eliminate4. That is stretching; Is that stretching5. They will hire; Will they hire6. We have gathered; Have we gathered7. You can get; Can you get8. They questioned; Did they question9. Ruth can convince; Can Ruth convince10. The kids are making; Are the kids making11. This seat is occupied. Is this seat occupied? 12. It will rain; Will it rain13. I should ignore; Should I ignore14. They have examined; Have they examined15. The photographer is; Is the photographer
Exercise 13.5
(Only the beginning of each sentence is shown.) 1. Have you; Do you have 2. Has the car; Does the car 3. Have you; Do you have 4. Has she; Does she have 5. Has your cat; Does your cat have 6. Has the house; Does the house have 7. Has the picture; Does the picture have 8. Has the book; Does the book have 9. Has the letter; Does the letter have 10. Has the car; Does the car have
Exercise 13.6
1. — The group working on it? 2. — They redoing the office again? 3. — We been opening new stores? 4. Invalid 5. — The cat staring at the goldfish? 6. — You been sleeping badly lately? 7. Invalid 8. — Harry very upset about it? 9. — There been some questions? 10. 0 You miss me?
Exercise 13.7
1. Who; noun 2. Whom; noun 3. How much; Adv of quantity 4. Whose advice; Poss noun 5. When; Adv of time 6. Why; Adv of reason 7. Whom; noun 8. How; Adv of manner 9. Whose dog; Poss noun 10. How much longer; Adv of time
Exercise 13.8
(Only the beginning of each sentence is shown.) 1. How they will; How will they 2. Whom we should; Whom should we 3. Where they are; Where are they 4. What the matter is; What is the matter 5. How soon we can see; How soon can we see 6. How long they are staying; How long are they staying? 7. When they had planned; When had they planned 8. How long the meetings are; How long are the meetings 9. How much I should pay; How much should I pay 10. How often they would meet; How often would they meet 11. What he had given; What had he given 12. Why we should care; Why should we care 13. Where they would park; Where would they park 14. What on earth Robert is doing; What on earth is Robert doing 15. What we should call; What should we call
Exercise 13.9
(Only the beginning of each sentence is shown.) 1. How much they claimed; How much they did claim; How much did they claim 2. Whom he demanded; Whom he did demand; Whom did he demand 3. What the decision depends; What the decision does depend; What does the decision depend 4. How your cats reacted; How your cats did react; How did your cats react 5. What the kids want; What the kids do want; What do the kids want 6. Which movie you rented; Which movie you did rent; Which movie did you rent 7. When she got; When she did get; When did she get 8. Whom Roberta picked; Whom Roberta did pick; Whom did Roberta pick 9. Whose health plan you think; Whose health plan you do think; Whose health plan do you think 10. How long they plan; How long they do plan; How long do they plan
Exercise 13.10
1. When will the program start? 2. How am I doing? 3. What have we missed so far? 4. How much are they charging for it? 5. Why did he have so much trouble? 6. How early could we finish here? 7. Where do we sign up for the program? 8. Whose advice are you going to follow? 9. What song were they singing? 10. How many parts should I order now? 11. What subject do you teach? 12. What was the problem with my phone? 13. How will they
recognize you? 14. When should they take the test? 15. Why does the government require that form?
Exercise 13.11
(Only the beginning of each sentence is shown.) 1. Whom; They nominated whom 2. Whom; She drew a picture of whom 3. Who 4. Who 5. Whom; He had been seeing whom 6. Whom; We should send the invitations to whom 7. Whom; They will trust whom 8. Who 9. Whom; We give the money to whom 10. Whom; We have not heard from whom
Exercise 13.12
1. You should not buy 2. They are not adopting 3. We can not arrange 4. I have not driven 5. They were not upset 6. They have not ignored 7. I am not counting 8. Richard might not be 9. The replacement is not 10. I could not unlock
Exercise 13.13
Exercise 13.14
1. I do remember; I do not remember 2. You did call; You did not call 3. It did happen; It did not happen 4. He did pass; He did not pass 5. We did stay; We did not stay 6. Jim did believe; Jim did not believe 7. I did walk; I did not walk 8. They did come; They did not come 9. The manager did explain; The manager did not explain 10. The documents in question do actually exist; The documents in question do not actually exist 11. The regulations do apply; The regulations do not apply 12. They did prepare; They did not prepare 13. She did feel; She did not feel 14. Jason’s family did go; Jason’s family did not go 15. The SEC did stop; The SEC did not stop
Exercise 13.15
1. Shouldn’t you 2. Couldn’t Bob 3. Weren’t they 4. Hasn’t she 5. Don’t you 6. Isn’t she 7. Couldn’t he 8. Mightn’t it 9. Didn’t he fill 10. Didn’t you watch 11. Isn’t he 12. Didn’t she just buy 13. Didn’t he remind 14. Don’t you 15. Haven’t they
Exercise 13.16
Change the period to a comma and add the following: 1. will we? 2. can’t they? 3. didn’t it? 4. didn’t they? 5. aren’t they? 6. can he?/can she? 7. doesn’t it? 8. could they?
9. doesn’t it? 10. was it? 11. mightn’t they? 12. weren’t they? 13. do they? 14. will it?
15. isn’t it?
Chapter 14
Exercise 14.1
1. passive; was appointed 2. passive; was wrapped 3. passive; has been solved 4. active 5. active 6. passive; will be adjusted 7. passive; is always locked 8. passive; has been noticed 9. passive; was previously owned 10. active 11. passive; was elected 12. passive; was first sounded 13. active 14. passive; should have been recalled 15. passive; is being directed
Exercise 14.2
1. Janet was answered my questions; by Janet was answered my questions; My questions were answered by Janet. 2. The press office was issued a statement; by the press office was issued a statement; A statement was issued by the press office. 3. Everybody was supported the proposal; by everybody was supported the proposal; The proposal was supported by everybody. 4. A visitor be taught my economics class today; by a visitor be taught my economics class today; My economics class was taught by a visitor today. 5. What happened was proved my point; by what happened was proved my point; My point was proved by what happened. 6. Somebody was made a big mistake; by somebody was made a big mistake; A big mistake was made by somebody. 7. Our law firm is represented the union; by our law firm is represented the union; The union is represented by our law firm. 8. Many companies are used our software programs; by many companies are used our software programs; Our software programs are used by many companies. 9. The new process is obtained much better results; by the new process is obtained much better results; Much better results are obtained by the new process. 10. The government is recognized the problem; by the government is recognized the problem; The problem is recognized by the government.
Exercise 14.3
1. The waiter is being calculated the bill; by the waiter is being calculated the bill; The bill is being calculated by the waiter. 2. The police will be solved the crime; by the police will be solved the crime; The crime will be solved by the police. 3. The merchants were being displayed summer clothing; by the merchants were being displayed summer clothing; Summer clothing was being displayed by the merchants. 4. The mosquitoes might be bothered you this time of year. by the mosquitoes might be bothered you this time of year. You might be bothered by the mosquitoes this time of year. 5. Everybody had been accepted his offer. by everybody had been accepted his offer. His offer had been accepted by everybody. 6. We are being hired some new employees. by we are being hired some new employees. Some new employees are being hired by us. 7. The union could have been sued the company. by the union could have been sued the company. The company could have been sued by the union. 8. The secretary had been delayed the merger. by the secretary had been delayed the merger. The merger had been delayed by the secretary. 9. Jackson should have been seen them. by Jackson should have been seen them. They should have been seen by Jackson.
10. They are being talked about what happened. by they are being talked about what happened. What happened is being talked about by them.
Exercise 14.4
1. The weak response to the ads discouraged Alice. 2. A professional appraiser evaluated the estate. 3. A sensor in the lab detected smoke. 4. The maid had cleaned the hotel room. 5. The defendant’s lawyer requested a new hearing. 6. The sun had badly faded the carpet. 7. A splinter had snagged the material. 8. Roberta was developing a new plan. 9. A special task force was coordinating the entire project. 10. The entire staff critiqued the idea. 11. My grandfather wound up the clock once a week. 12. A loader lifted the rocks onto the truck. 13. A team from NASA had launched the rocket. 14. Unfortunately, the previous owners had badly neglected the house. 15. A neighbor’s son is cleaning the pool.
Chapter 15
Exercise 15.1
1. Alice said that the company hosted the annual meeting in Las Vegas this year. 2. Tom said that Francine had decided to move to Chicago. 3. I said that Tom would meet us as soon as possible. 4. Ralph said that everyone had enjoyed the visit. 5. The TV said that the storm might move up the coastline. 6. My mom said that everyone was looking forward to meeting Barbara. 7. Bill said that the keys were kept next to the backdoor. 8. Terry said that we could still get reservations for the weekend. 9. The contractor said that the electricians would finish the wiring Friday. 10. I said that I knew you were right.
Exercise 15.2
1. He said that they had really done a great job. 2. I said that we had been busy all afternoon. 3. Rudy said that they had seen a terrific movie Saturday. 4. Mom said that the rain had been pouring down all afternoon. 5. The mechanic said that Jack had been working on their car. 6. The bank said that the check had been deposited already. 7. Alice said that they had already made plans for dinner. 8. He said that they had helped their kids move into their new apartment. 9. Marion said that she had been watching TV when you called. 10. Francis said that Bob had pulled a muscle exercising.
Exercise 15.3
1. He said that he might be able to arrange a meeting with his manager. 2. I said that it had been a good idea to talk to him/her/you. 3. The postman said that I needed to mail my package before five. 4. Bob said that the paint in his living room was drying properly. 5. Jane said that she had just been talking to her mother. 6. He said that he would be staying at home tomorrow. 7. She told Paul that he could count on her. 8. Ruth told me that she was not ready to get rid of her car yet. 9. Alice told her son that he had been staying up too late talking to his friends. 10. My wife reminded me that she was having dinner with her friend after work.
Exercise 15.4
1. He asked me if I would be able to come to the reception. 2. I asked the kids if they had set the table for six people. 3. He asked if Ruth had written her essay yet. 4. They asked Bob if it was/were true that he was moving to Dallas. 5. She asked me if I worked at J.P. Morgan. 6. They asked us if the reception was/were starting at six. 7. I asked if the coach had announced when the game started. 8. She asked me if I would turn off the lights in my office. 9. I asked them if they had heard the news. 10. He asked if Tina was/were leaving for Seattle Sunday. 11. The waiter asked me if I had a reservation. 12. The receptionist asked me if they were holding my mail while I was away. 13. He asked me if I had any idea how late I was. 14. I asked Sarah if she could return the book to the library for me. 15. I asked my brother if Mom had given him a call about the party.
Exercise 15.5
1. Sam asked Harriet when she would begin the lesson. 2. I asked him how often he went shopping. 3. They asked me why I wanted to move back to the city. 4. She asked him where he had parked the car. 5. I asked her whom she was looking for. 6. He asked the waitress how long we would wait before getting a table. 7. She asked the children what story they wanted to hear. 8. He asked us how come the class had broken up so early. 9. She asked us who knew where the library was. 10. The cabdriver asked me where I wanted him to take me.
Chapter 16
Exercise 16.1
1. David Villa, soccer player 2. Boeing, airplane 3. Burger King, restaurant 4. Canada, nation 5. Erie, lake 6. Simba, lion 7. Disney, company 8. Wuthering Heights, book 9. London, city 10. Schwinn, bicycle
Exercise 16.2
1. space; time 2. knowledge; electricity 3. pepper; OK 4. blood; OK 5. OK; oxygen 6. hope 7. luggage 8. wind; energy 9. cheese; milk 10. OK; justice
Exercise 16.3
1. boy’s, boys, boys’ 2. boss’s, bosses, bosses’ 3. friend’s, friends, friends’ 4. plane’s, planes, planes’ 5. city’s, cities, cities’ 6. deer’s, deer, deer’s 7. company’s, companies, companies’ 8. thief’s, thieves, thieves’ 9. mouse’s, mice, mice’s 10. beach’s, beaches, beaches’
Exercise 16.4
1. some 2. the 3. some 4. the 5. a 6. the 7. a 8. the 9. some 10. the
Exercise 16.5
1. an 2. some 3. an 4. a 5. a 6. an 7. some 8. an 9. a 10. some
Exercise 16.6
1. — 2. — 3. the 4. — 5. the 6. —, — 7. — 8. the 9. —, — 10. —
Exercise 16.7
1. I asked the new worker you hired to come to my office. (him/her) 2. The car that he wrecked is in the workshop. (It) 3. Where is the laptop that I ordered? (it) 4. My mother and her friends went to the movies. (They) 5. The mascot of that university is a tiger. (It) 6. Our office manager ordered the most expensive copy machine. (it) 7. All players, trainers, and coaches must register at the field. (They) 8. Their wildlife organization protects animals on the endangered species list. (them) 9. I am not used to driving a car that runs on ethanol. (it) 10. My aunt reads to all the little girls in her neighborhood. (them)
Exercise 16.8
1. whom 2. whose 3. who 4. whose 5. whom 6. who 7. whose 8. whose 9. who 10. who
Exercise 16.9
1. That poem that you memorized for class is inspiring. 2. The clothes that hung on the clothesline have blown away. 3. Dorothy went to the store again to buy the butter that you forgot to pick up. 4. The man whom you met is usually more polite. 5. She bought the store that she had managed for such a long time. 6. The shoppers whom he interviewed all preferred the new product. 7. Bob wrecked the car that he rented in Las Vegas. 8. The wren that you heard singing flew off. 9. I’m voting for the candidate whom you saw at the convention. 10. His cat caught the mouse that you were trying to catch last week.
Exercise 16.10
1. They 2. It 3. He/She 4. him/her 5. They 6. They 7. they 8. She 9. it 10. them
Exercise 16.11
1. hers 2. your 3. yours 4. their 5. her 6. their 7. theirs 8. yours 9. Her 10. Yours
Exercise 16.12
1. myself (I) 2. themselves (They) 3. himself (Joe) 4. yourself (You) 5. themselves (students) 6. himself (James) 7. itself (computer) 8. herself (She) 9. yourself (you) 10. ourselves (We)
Exercise 16.13
1. arranging 2. arriving 3. attaching 4. bathing 5. belonging 6. lifting 7. meeting 8. touching 9. warning 10. washing
Exercise 16.14
1. Building a snowman is a fun winter pastime. 2. She found running a large company to be a challenge. 3. Singing in the shower is his favorite hobby. 4. The students discovered that finishing the exam took all afternoon. 5. Completing the project by Friday is their goal. 6. Seeing three movies in one day was tiring. 7. Flying south for the winter is what most North American birds do. 8. In that recipe, melting the cheese takes a long time. 9. Shivering in the stadium during the football game is not my idea of a good time. 10. The boss does not enjoy speaking to large groups of people.
Exercise 16.15
1. To sing at the Metropolitan Opera is her dream. 2. To convince the judge is your only option. 3. Tom’s only goal is to elect John president. 4. To postpone the meeting now would be dangerous. 5. To sort the dirty clothes is your first task. 6. They decided to purchase their new car by the end of the month. 7. To stand up to the boss takes nerve. 8. The new law aims to prevent more road accidents. 9. Sandra refused to talk to her doctor. 10. To sleep is one thing, to sleep well is another.
Exercise 16.16
1. That Paul would inherit the family fortune came as a horrible shock to Louise. 2. They contended that the accident wasn’t their fault. 3. The plan was that we would call you when we got there. 4. The driver told us that he was out of gas. 5. That they were so late was really rude to the hosts. 6. The doctor told me that my ankle was severely sprained but not broken. 7. Their main complaint was that the restaurant closed too early. 8. Sally hated that Harry’s ties were so out of style. 9. That the movie wasn’t very good came as no surprise. 10. The problem is that it is getting so late.
Exercise 16.17
1. I don’t care about what he said. 2. Forgive me for what I am about to say. 3. Where they went is none of my business. 4. Did you ever notice how babies first start crawling? 5. Can you tell me how much dinner actually cost? 6. Which one we will finally pick is still up in the air. 7. I will accept whatever position they offer me. 8. Did you learn which flight they are on? 9. What shocked us the most was how much prices have gone up lately. 10. Who you know is sometimes more important than what you know.
Exercise 16.18
Exercise 16.19
Exercise 16.20
1. postpones 2. concentrates 3. develops 4. tries 5. multiplies 6. bosses 7. taxes 8. marks 9. nods 10. matches
Exercise 16.21
1. enlarged 2. roped 3. trimmed 4. replied 5. shipped. 6. banned 7. envied 8. caused 9. missed 10. prayed
Exercise 16.22
1. taking 2. arriving 3. betting 4. knitting 5. studying 6. cutting 7. leaving 8. perspiring 9. pleasing 10. winning
Exercise 16.23
1. performed 2. have flown 3. painted 4. has directed 5. divided 6. have urged 7. limped 8. have examined 9. moved 10. have lived
Exercise 16.24
1. got; had gotten 2. had received; deposited 3. had just stepped; rang 4. had; had moved 5. had explained; thought 6. went; had reached 7. locked; had been 8. had retained; drew 9. had unplugged; started 10. had stopped; shoveled
Exercise 16.25
Exercise 16.26
1. Sep; turned the offer down2. Insep 3. Insep 4. Sep; printed the final report out5. Sep; hired the furloughed employees back6. Insep 7. Insep 8. Sep; dressed the girls up9. Insep 10. Sep; looked today’s receipts over
Exercise 16.27
1. She teaches Chinese students (IO) English as a second language (DO) in Oakland. She teaches English as a second language to Chinese students in Oakland. 2. Please order me (IO) a black coffee to go (DO). Please order a black coffee to go for me. 3. She showed them (IO) her engagement ring (DO). She showed her engagement ring to them. 4. I made my students (IO) a traditional Korean meal (DO). I made a traditional Korean meal for my students. 5. Hand me (IO) that brush (DO), will you? Hand that brush to me, will you? 6. He told us (IO) a really funny story (DO). He told a really funny story to us. 7. Save us (IO) some dessert (DO). Save some dessert for us. 8. Let’s give the people working in the kitchen (IO) a big hand (DO). Let’s give a big hand to the people working in the kitchen. 9. We mailed the kids (IO) their Christmas presents (DO). We mailed their Christmas presents to the kids. 10. I reserved them (IO) a table at the restaurant (DO). I reserved a table at the restaurant for them.
Exercise 16.28
1. bring 2. brought 3. take 4. take 5. bring 6. took 7. brought 8. take 9. took 10. bring
Exercise 16.29
Exercise 16.30
1. just 2. too. 3. usually 4. always 5. prudently 6. persistently 7. almost 8. gently 9. now 10. frighteningly
Exercise 16.31
1. recklessly 2. brilliantly 3. angrily 4. dutifully 5. immediately 6. moodily 7. hesitantly 8. enthusiastically 9. suspiciously 10. joyfully
Exercise 16.32
1. dirtily 2. prettily 3. barely 4. finely 5. speedily 6. duly 7. safely 8. messily 9. noisily 10. separately
Exercise 16.33
1. She did grade the exams. Did she grade the exams? 2. Tom did drive the truck. Did Tom drive the truck? 3. The Adams family did live in Toronto. Did the Adams family live in Toronto? 4. The athletes did lose weight. Did the athletes lose weight? 5. We did laugh until we cried. Did we laugh until we cried? 6. The snow did come down in heavy drifts. Did the snow come down in heavy drifts? 7. The president did tour the warehouse. Did the president tour the warehouse? 8. Daniel did forget his homework again. Did Daniel forget his homework again? 9. The boxers did fight ten rounds. Did the boxers fight ten rounds? 10. The dog did bury his bone. Did the dog bury his bone?
Exercise 16.34
1. Her grandmother sewed her wedding dress. 2. Dr. Peterson of Texas A&M University gave the lecture. 3. During the summer, our teacher corrected the exams. 4. Tom’s brother piloted the Montreal flight. 5. Last Saturday, Cindy played the guitar to a rapt audience. 6. The city inspected the house for termites. 7. A barn owl ate the mouse. 8. In Friday’s game, the Vikings scored five touchdowns. 9. Their home country honored the Olympic athletes. 10. A certified technician repaired the computer.
Exercise 16.35
1. He said that he was running late for work. 2. The conductor said that the audience had talked during the entire symphony. 3. We said that the children had been doing extra chores this week. 4. Charles said that they couldn’t come to their party because his wife was sick. 5. The doctor said that he/she needed to look at his/her/your prescription again. 6. Ralph said that he had demanded an explanation for what Harry had done. 7. My mother said that she had liked playing soccer when she had been my age. 8. The plumber said that they would install the new sink this week. 9. Louise said that she was having minor surgery Tuesday. 10. They said that they had been laughing at what the kids had been doing.