AMA Manual of Style - Stacy L. Christiansen, Cheryl Iverson 2020
Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA Network Journals
Units of Measure
In the United States, most physicians and other health care professionals use conventional units for most commonly encountered clinical measurements (eg, blood pressure), and most clinical laboratories report many laboratory values by means of conventional units. To serve these readers, but also to serve the needs of readers more familiar with JAMA Network journals have adopted an approach for reporting units of measure that includes a combination of SI units and conventional units.
17.5.1 Length, Area, Volume, Mass.
Measurements of length, area, volume, and mass are reported by means of metric units rather than English units (Table 17.5-1).
Table 17.5-1. Conversions to Metric Measures
Symbol |
Known quantity |
Multiply by |
To find |
Metric symbol |
|
Length |
||||
in |
inches |
2.54 |
centimeters |
cm |
ft |
feet |
30 |
centimeters |
cm |
ft |
feet |
0.3 |
meters |
m |
yd |
yards |
0.9 |
meters |
m |
miles |
1.6 |
kilometers |
km |
|
|
Area |
||||
sq in |
square inches |
6.5 |
square centimeters |
cm2 |
sq ft |
square feet |
0.09 |
square meters |
m2 |
sq yd |
square yards |
0.8 |
square meters |
m2 |
square miles |
2.6 |
square kilometers |
km2 |
|
|
Mass |
||||
oz |
ounces |
28 |
grams |
g |
lb |
pounds |
0.45 |
kilograms |
kg |
|
Volume |
||||
tsp |
teaspoons |
5 |
milliliters |
mL |
tbsp |
tablespoons |
15 |
milliliters |
mL |
fl oz |
fluid ounces |
30 |
milliliters |
mL |
c |
cups |
0.24 |
liters |
L |
pt |
US pints |
0.47 |
liters |
L |
qt |
US quarts |
0.95 |
liters |
L |
gal |
US gallons |
3.8 |
liters |
L |
cu ft |
cubic feet |
0.03 |
cubic meters |
m3 |
cu yd |
cubic yards |
0.76 |
cubic meters |
m3 |
In less formal, nonscientific texts, such as essays, use of nonmetric units, such as miles or inches, and the use of idioms, such as “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” or “give an inch,” are acceptable. In addition, if the nonmetric unit was used as part of a survey or questionnaire, the original measure should be retained.
The patients were asked, “Do you have difficulty walking 15 feet?”
Similarly, if data were measured in SI units and are displayed as such in an organized way (eg, cholesterol given in 5-mmol increments along a figure axis), the original measure may be retained, with a conversion given for the conventional unit.
17.5.2 Temperature.
The Celsius scale (°C) is used for temperature measurement rather than the base SI unit for temperature, the kelvin (K), which has little application in medicine. Although the kelvin and Celsius scales have the same interval value for temperature differences, they differ in their absolute values. For example, a temperature of 273.15 K is equal to 0 °C. Temperature values generally are reported in degrees Celsius, and values given in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) are converted to degrees Celsius (°C).
(°F − 32)(0.556) = °C
17.5.3 Time.
The SI unit for time is the second, although minute, hour, and day also are used. Other units of time, such as week, month, and year, are not part of the SI but also are used. The abbreviations for minute, hour, and day are min, h, and d, respectively, and the abbreviations for week, month, and year are wk, mo, and y, respectively. These abbreviations are used in tables, figures, and virgule constructions and are never capitalized (see 13.12, Units of Measure, and 8.4, Forward Slash [Virgule, Solidus]).
The patient reported smoking 20 cigarettes/d.
She had mild apnea, with 1 episode/h.
Respirations were 60/min; pulse rate was 98/min.
17.5.4 Visual Acuity.
Visual acuity should be reported on the basis of how the measurement was determined. For example, using the Snellen fraction with English units, 20/20 or 20/100 indicates that the person being evaluated can see at 20 ft what a person with normal visual acuity can see at 20 ft or at 100 ft, respectively. The equivalent metric measurements for visual acuity are 6/6 and 6/30, respectively (see 14.13, Nomenclature, Ophthalmology Terms).
17.5.5 Pressure.
Blood pressure and intraocular pressure are reported in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg); cerebrospinal fluid pressure is reported as centimeters of water (cm H2O). The pascal (newton per square meter [N/m2]) is the recommended SI unit for pressure but generally is not used for reporting these common physiologic pressure measurements. Partial pressure of gases (eg, of oxygen and carbon dioxide) may be reported as millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or as kilopascals (kPa) (see 14.16, Pulmonary and Respiratory Terminology).
17.5.6 pH.
Although SI nomenclature could be used to express values of hydrogen ion concentration (nmol/L), the pH scale (1-14) is used.
17.5.7 Solutions and Concentration.
A molar solution contains 1 mol (1 g molecular weight) of solute in 1 L of solution. The SI style for reporting molar solutions is mol/L; for solutions with millimolar concentrations, mmol/L is used; and for solutions with micromolar concentrations, μmol/L is used. The concentration is given as 4-mmol/L potassium chloride not 4 mmol/L of potassium chloride.
The gel was incubated at 40 °C after applying 10 mL of a solution of 4-mmol/L potassium chloride and 5 mL of a solution of 1-mol/L sodium chloride.
Molar concentrations of solutions and reagents also may be expressed by using M to designate molar and SI prefixes to denote concentration (eg, mM for millimolar; μM for micromolar). Note that the molar concentration unit is set closed up to the number.
The gel was incubated at 40 °C after applying 10 mL of a solution of 4mM potassium chloride and 5 mL of a solution of 1M sodium chloride.
A normal solution contains a concentration of 1 gram-equivalent of solute per liter.
To show the concentration of a solution in relation to normality (N), the abbreviation N is used, with no space between the numerical value and the N (eg, 3N). Half normal is indicated as 0.5N or N/2.
17.5.8 Energy.
The calorie is the unit of measure often used in chemistry and biochemistry for reporting heat energy. A value of 1 calorie is the amount of energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1 °C. The joule is the preferred SI unit for energy, and calories and kilocalories may be converted to joules (J) and kilojoules (kJ) by using the following formulas:
1 calorie = 4.186 J
1 kilocalorie = 4.186 kJ
JAMA Network journals prefer to report heat energy in calories or kilocalories.
Formerly a distinction was made between the small calorie (with a lowercase c) and the large calorie, designated as Calorie (with a capital C and abbreviated Cal)2 and equivalent to 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal). In metabolic studies, the Calorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower 1 kg of pure liquid water by 1 °C.4 The Calorie also is used in nutrition to express the energy content of food.5 By convention, the use of the capitalized C in dietary Calories indicates kilocalories (ie, 1 Cal is equivalent to 1 kcal or 1000 cal). For example, if the label on a food package indicates that a serving contains 300 Cal, that serving would yield 300 kcal (not 300 cal) of heat energy when subjected to complete combustion. JAMA Network journals prefer Calories or kilocalories for expressing the energy content of food.
Energy expenditure also is reported as Calories (or kilocalories) to reflect the amount of energy required for the work done. The values for Calorie expenditure are based on the metabolic cost, expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs). One MET represents the metabolic rate for an adult at rest (ie, set at 3.5 mL of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body mass per minute) or approximately 1 kcal/kg/h.5 Activities with MET values near 1 are sedentary activities (eg, sitting quietly), whereas activities with higher MET values involve higher levels of energy expenditure (eg, brisk walking has a MET value of 3, or 3 times the resting metabolic rate).
17.5.9 Drug Doses.
Drug doses are expressed in conventional metric mass units (eg, milligrams or milligrams per kilogram) rather than in molar SI units. Moreover, certain drugs (such as insulin or heparin) may be prepared as mixtures and have no specific molecular weight, thereby precluding their expression in mass units. Although other drug dose units, such as drops (for ophthalmologic preparations), grains (for aspirin), and various apothecary system measurements (eg, teaspoonfuls, ounces, and drams), may be encountered clinically, these units generally are not used.
Another such example is cc for mL; cc is sometimes used in clinical settings, but to avoid confusion mL should be used in scientific publications. In addition, the units for drug doses are often different from the units used to measure drug concentrations, such as in therapeutic drug levels.
17.5.10 Laboratory Values.
In JAMA Network journals, laboratory values for clinical chemistry analyses, hematologic tests, immunologic assays, metabolic and endocrine tests, therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology determinations, and urinalysis are reported by means of conventional laboratory units. Table 17.5-2 provides examples of conventional units and SI units and is intended to facilitate conversion from conventional units to SI units (and vice versa). A conversion calculator is freely available online at www.amamanualofstyle.com.
Laboratory reference values and units vary considerably among individual laboratories and are highly dependent on the analytic methods used. For reports of diagnostic tests or interpretations, the reference range followed by the local laboratory should be included. Several resources6,7,8,9,10 contain detailed information about these topics and tables with laboratory reference values and SI conversion factors.
Table 17.5-2. Selected Laboratory Tests, With Conversion Factorsa
Analyte |
Specimen |
Conventional unit |
Conversion factor (multiply by) |
SI unit |
Acetaminophen/paracetamol |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
6.614 |
μmol/L |
Acetoacetate |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
97.95 |
μmol/L |
Acetone |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.172 |
mmol/L |
Acid phosphatase |
Serum |
U/L |
16.667 |
nkat/L |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) |
Whole blood |
s |
1.0 |
s |
Adenosine deaminase |
Serum |
U/L |
16.667 |
nkat/L |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.22 |
pmol/L |
Alanine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
112.2 |
μmol/L |
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Albumin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10 |
g/L |
Alcohol dehydrogenase |
Serum |
U/L |
16.667 |
nkat/L |
Aldolase |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Aldosterone |
Serum, plasma |
ng/dL |
27.74 |
pmol/L |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Alprazolam |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.24 |
nmol/L |
Amikacin |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
1.708 |
μmol/L |
α-Aminobutyric acid |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
96.97 |
μmol/L |
δ-Aminolevulinic acid |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.0763 |
μmol/L |
Amiodarone |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
1.55 |
μmol/L |
Amitriptyline |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
3.605 |
nmol/L |
Ammonia (as nitrogen) |
Serum, plasma |
μg/dL |
0.714 |
μmol/L |
Amobarbital |
Serum |
μg/mL |
4.42 |
μmol/L |
Amphetamine |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
7.4 |
nmol/L |
Amylase |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Androstenedione |
Serum |
ng/dL |
0.0349 |
nmol/L |
Angiotensin I |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.772 |
pmol/L |
Angiotensin II |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.957 |
pmol/L |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
Serum |
U/L |
16.667 |
nkat/L |
Anion gap Na+− (Cl− + HCO3−) |
Serum, plasma |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.923 |
pmol/L |
Antithrombin III |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
α1-Antitrypsin |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.184 |
μmol/L |
Apolipoprotein A-I |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Apolipoprotein B |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Arginine |
Serum |
mg/dL |
57.4 |
μmol/L |
Arsenic |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
0.0133 |
μmol/L |
Ascorbic acid (see vitamin C) |
||||
Asparagine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
75.689 |
μmol/L |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Aspartic acid |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
75.13 |
μmol/L |
Atrial natriuretic hormone |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
1 |
ng/L |
Bands (see white blood cell count) |
||||
Base excess |
Whole blood |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Basophils (see white blood cell count) |
||||
Bicarbonate |
Serum |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Bile acids (total) |
Serum |
μg/mL |
2.448 |
μmol/L |
Bilirubin, direct (conjugated) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
17.104 |
μmol/L |
Bilirubin, total |
Serum |
mg/dL |
17.104 |
μmol/L |
Biotin |
Serum |
pg/mL |
0.00409 |
nmol/L |
Bismuth |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
4.785 |
nmol/L |
Blood gases |
||||
Carbon dioxide, PCO2 |
Arterial blood |
mm Hg |
0.133 |
kPa |
pH |
Arterial blood |
1.0 |
||
Oxygen, PO2 |
Arterial blood |
mm Hg |
0.133 |
kPa |
Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
1.0 |
ng/L |
Bromide (toxic) |
Serum |
μg/mL |
0.0125 |
mmol/L |
C1 esterase inhibitor |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
C3 complement |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
C4 complement |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Cadmium |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
8.896 |
nmol/L |
Caffeine (therapeutic) |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
5.15 |
μmol/L |
Calcitonin |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.292 |
pmol/L |
Calcium, ionized |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.25 |
mmol/L |
Calcium, total |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.25 |
mmol/L |
Cancer antigen (CA) 125 |
Serum |
U/mL |
1.0 |
kU/L |
Carbamazepine |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.233 |
μmol/L |
Carbon dioxide (total) |
Serum, plasma |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Carboxyhemoglobin, toxic |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
β-Carotene |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.01863 |
μmol/L |
Carotenoids |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.01863 |
μmol/L |
Ceruloplasmin |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Chloramphenicol |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3.095 |
μmol/L |
Chlordiazepoxide |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
3.336 |
μmol/L |
Chloride |
Serum, plasma |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Chlorpromazine |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
3.136 |
nmol/L |
Chlorpropamide |
Plasma |
mg/L |
3.61 |
μmol/L |
Cholecalciferol (see vitamin D) |
||||
Cholesterol |
||||
Total |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.0259 |
mmol/L |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.0259 |
mmol/L |
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.0259 |
mmol/L |
Cholinesterase |
Serum |
U/mL |
1.0 |
kU/L |
Chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) (nonpregnant) |
Serum |
mIU/mL |
1.0 |
IU/L |
Chromium |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
19.232 |
nmol/L |
Citrate |
Serum |
mg/dL |
52.05 |
μmol/L |
Citrulline |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
57.081 |
μmol/L |
Clonazepam (therapeutic) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.167 |
nmol/L |
Clonidine |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
4.35 |
nmol/L |
Clozapine |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.003 |
μmol/L |
Coagulation factor I |
Plasma |
g/dL |
29.41 |
μmol/L |
(Fibrinogen) |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Coagulation factor II (prothrombin) |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor V |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor VII |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor VIII |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor IX |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor X |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor XI |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor XII |
Plasma |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Cobalt |
Serum |
μg/L |
16.968 |
nmol/L |
Cocaine (toxic) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.297 |
nmol/L |
Codeine |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.34 |
nmol/L |
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
1.0 |
mg/L |
Copper |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.157 |
μmol/L |
Coproporphyrin |
Urine |
μg/24 h |
1.527 |
μmol/d |
Corticotropin |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.22 |
pmol/L |
Cortisol |
Serum, plasma |
μg/dL |
27.588 |
nmol/L |
Cotinine |
Plasma |
μg/L |
5.675 |
nmol/L |
C-peptide |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.331 |
nmol/L |
C-reactive protein |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Creatine |
Serum |
mg/dL |
76.25 |
μmol/L |
Creatine kinase (CK) |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Creatine kinase—MB fraction |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Creatinine |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
88.4 |
μmol/L |
Creatinine clearance |
Serum, plasma |
mL/min/1.73 m2 |
0.0167 |
mL/s/m2 |
Cyanide (toxic) |
Whole blood |
μg/mL |
38.4 |
μmol/L |
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
3.04 |
μmol/L |
Cyclosporine |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.832 |
nmol/L |
Cystine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
41.615 |
μmol/L |
D-dimer |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
5.476 |
nmol/L |
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.47 |
nmol/L |
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.027 |
μmol/L |
Deoxycorticosterone |
Serum |
ng/dL |
0.0303 |
nmol/L |
Desipramine |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.754 |
nmol/L |
Diazepam |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
0.0035 |
μmol/L |
Digoxin |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
1.281 |
nmol/L |
Diltiazem |
Serum |
mg/L |
2.412 |
μmol/L |
Disopyramide |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.946 |
μmol/L |
Dopamine |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
6.528 |
pmol/L |
Doxepin |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.579 |
nmol/L |
Electrophoresis (protein) |
||||
Proportion of total protein |
||||
Albumin |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
α1-Globulin |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
α2-Globulin |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
β-Globulin |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
γ-Globulin |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Concentration |
||||
Albumin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
α1-Globulin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
α2-Globulin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
β-Globulin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
γ-Globulin |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
Eosinophils (see white blood cell count) |
||||
Ephedrine (toxic) |
Serum |
μg/mL |
6.052 |
μmol/L |
Epinephrine |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
5.459 |
pmol/L |
Erythrocyte count (see red blood cell count) |
||||
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
Whole blood |
mm/h |
1.0 |
mm/h |
Erythropoietin |
Serum |
mIU/mL |
1.0 |
IU/L |
Estradiol (E2) |
Serum |
pg/mL |
3.671 |
pmol/L |
Estriol (E3) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.467 |
nmol/L |
Estrogens (total) |
Serum |
pg/mL |
1.0 |
ng/L |
Estrone (E1) |
Serum, plasma |
pg/mL |
3.698 |
pmol/L |
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) |
Serum, whole blood |
mg/dL |
0.2171 |
mmol/L |
Ethchlorvynol (toxic) |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
6.915 |
μmol/L |
Ethosuximide |
Serum |
mg/L |
7.084 |
μmol/L |
Ethylene glycol (toxic) |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.1611 |
mmol/L |
Fatty acids (nonesterified) |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.0355 |
mmol/L |
Fecal fat (as stearic acid) |
Stool |
g/d |
1.0 |
g/24 h |
Fentanyl |
Serum |
μg/mL |
2.972 |
μmol/L |
Ferritin |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Fibrin degradation products |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
1.0 |
mg/L |
Fibrinogen |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Flecainide |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.413 |
μmol/L |
Fluoride |
Whole blood |
mg/dL |
0.5263 |
mmol/L |
Fluoxetine |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.00323 |
μmol/L |
Flurazepam (toxic) |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.578 |
μmol/L |
Folate (folic acid) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
2.266 |
nmol/L |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
Serum, plasma |
mIU/mL |
1.0 |
IU/L |
Fructosamine |
Serum |
mg/L |
5.581 |
mmol/L |
Fructose |
Serum |
mg/dL |
55.506 |
μmol/L |
Galactose |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
0.0555 |
mmol/L |
Gastrin |
Serum |
pg/mL |
0.481 |
pmol/L |
Gentamicin |
Serum |
μg/mL |
2.090 |
μmol/L |
Glucagon |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
1.0 |
ng/L |
Glucose |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.0555 |
mmol/L |
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
Whole blood |
U/g of hemoglobin |
0.0167 |
nkat/g hemoglobin |
Glutamic acid |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
67.967 |
μmol/L |
Glutamine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
68.423 |
μmol/L |
γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Glutethimide |
Serum |
μg/mL |
4.603 |
μmol/L |
Glycerol (free) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.1086 |
mmol/L |
Glycine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
133.2 |
μmol/L |
Gold |
Serum |
μg/dL |
50.770 |
nmol/L |
Growth hormone (GH) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Haloperidol |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
2.66 |
nmol/L |
Haptoglobin |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Hematocrit |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Hemoglobin |
Whole blood |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) |
Whole blood |
pg/cell |
1.0 |
pg/cell |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) |
Whole blood |
g/dL |
10 |
g/L |
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) |
Whole blood |
μm3 |
1.0 |
fL |
Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin) |
Whole blood |
% of total hemoglobin (can be dual-reported as mmol/mol)b |
0.01 |
Proportion of total hemoglobin |
Hemoglobin A2 |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Histamine |
Plasma |
μg/L |
8.997 |
nmol/L |
Histidine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
64.45 |
μmol/L |
Homocysteine |
Plasma |
mg/L |
7.397 |
μmol/L |
Homovanillic acid |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
5.489 |
μmol/d |
Hydrocodone |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3.34 |
μmol/L |
Hydromorphone |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3504 |
nmol/L |
β-Hydroxybutyric acid |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
96.06 |
μmol/L |
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
5.23 |
μmol/d |
Hydroxyproline |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
76.266 |
μmol/L |
Ibuprofen |
Serum |
μg/mL |
4.848 |
μmol/L |
Imipramine |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
3.566 |
nmol/L |
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.01 |
g/L |
Insulin |
Serum |
μIU/mL |
6.945 |
pmol/L |
Insulinlike growth factor |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.131 |
nmol/L |
Iodine |
Serum |
μg/L |
7.880 |
nmol/L |
Iron |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.179 |
μmol/L |
Iron-binding capacity |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.179 |
μmol/L |
Isoleucine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
76.236 |
μmol/L |
Isoniazid |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
7.291 |
μmol/L |
Isopropanol (toxic) |
Serum, plasma |
mg/L |
0.0166 |
mmol/L |
Kanamycin |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.064 |
μmol/L |
Ketamine |
Serum |
μg/mL |
4.206 |
μmol/L |
17-Ketosteroids |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
3.33 |
μmol/d |
Lactate |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
0.111 |
mmol/L |
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
LDH isoenzymes |
||||
LD1 |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
LD2 |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
LD3 |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
LD4 |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
LD5 |
Serum |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Lead |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.0483 |
μmol/L |
Leucine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
76.237 |
μmol/L |
Leukocytes (see white blood cell count) |
||||
Lidocaine |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.267 |
μmol/L |
Lipase |
Serum |
U/L |
0.0167 |
μkat/L |
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]c |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.1 |
mg/L |
Lithium |
Serum |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Lorazepam |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.114 |
nmol/L |
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Serum, plasma |
mIU/mL |
1.0 |
IU/L |
Lycopene |
Serum |
mg/L |
1.863 |
μmol/L |
Lymphocytes (see white blood cell count) |
||||
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3092 |
nmol/L |
Lysine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
68.404 |
μmol/L |
Lysozyme |
Serum, plasma |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Magnesium |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.4114 |
mmol/L |
Manganese |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
18.202 |
nmol/L |
Maprotiline |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Melatonin |
Serum |
ng/L |
4.305 |
pmol/L |
Meperidine |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
4.043 |
nmol/L |
Mercury |
Serum |
μg/L |
4.985 |
nmol/L |
Metanephrine (total) |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
5.07 |
μmol/d |
Metformin |
Serum |
μg/mL |
7.742 |
μmol/L |
Methadone |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
0.00323 |
μmol/L |
Methamphetamine |
Serum |
μg/mL |
6.7 |
μmol/L |
Methanol |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
0.0312 |
mmol/L |
Methaqualone |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
3.995 |
μmol/L |
Methemoglobin |
Whole blood |
g/dL |
155 |
μmol/L |
Methemoglobin |
Whole blood |
% of total hemoglobin |
0.01 |
Proportion of total hemoglobin |
Methicillin |
Serum |
mg/L |
2.636 |
μmol/L |
Methionine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
67.02 |
μmol/L |
Methotrexate |
Serum, plasma |
mg/L |
2200 |
nmol/L |
Methyldopa |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
4.735 |
μmol/L |
Metoprolol |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.74 |
nmol/L |
β2-Microglobulin |
Serum |
mg/L |
1.0 |
mg/L |
Morphine |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.504 |
nmol/L |
Myoglobin |
Serum |
μg/L |
0.05814 |
nmol/L |
Naproxen |
Serum |
μg/mL |
4.343 |
μmol/L |
Niacin (nicotinic acid) |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
8.123 |
μmol/d |
Nickel |
Whole blood |
μg/L |
17.033 |
nmol/L |
Nicotine |
Plasma |
mg/L |
6.164 |
μmol/L |
Nitrogen (nonprotein) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.714 |
mmol/L |
Nitroprusside (as thiocyanate) |
μg/mL |
17.2 |
μmol/L |
|
Norepinephrine |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
5.911 |
pmol/L |
Nortriptyline |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
3.797 |
nmol/L |
Ornithine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
75.666 |
μmol/L |
Osmolality |
Serum |
mOsm/kg |
1.0 |
mmol/kg |
Osteocalcin |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Oxalate |
Serum |
mg/mL |
11.107 |
μmol/L |
Oxazepam |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
3.487 |
μmol/L |
Oxycodone |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.171 |
nmol/L |
Oxygen, partial pressure (Po2) |
Arterial blood |
mm Hg |
0.133 |
kPa |
Paraquat |
Whole blood |
μg/mL |
5.369 |
μmol/L |
Parathyroid hormone |
Serum |
pg/mL |
1 |
ng/L |
Pentobarbital |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.419 |
μmol/L |
Pepsinogen |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
pH (see blood gases) |
||||
Phencyclidine (toxic) |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
4.109 |
nmol/L |
Phenobarbital |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.31 |
μmol/L |
Phenylalanine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
60.544 |
μmol/L |
Phenylpropanolamine |
Serum |
μg/mL |
6613 |
nmol/L |
Phenytoin |
Serum, plasma |
mg/L |
3.968 |
μmol/L |
Phosphorus (inorganic) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.323 |
mmol/L |
Placental lactogen |
Serum |
μg/mL |
46.296 |
nmol/L |
Plasminogen (antigenic) |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
0.113 |
μmol/L |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
22.19 |
pmol/L |
Platelet count (thrombocytes) |
Whole blood |
×103/μL |
1.0 |
×109/L |
Potassium |
Serum |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Prealbumin |
Serum |
mg/dL |
10 |
mg/L |
Pregnanediol |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
3.12 |
μmol/d |
Pregnanetriol |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
2.972 |
μmol/d |
Primidone |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.582 |
μmol/L |
Procainamide |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.25 |
μmol/L |
Progesterone |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.18 |
nmol/L |
Prolactin |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1 |
μg/L |
Proline |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
86.858 |
μmol/L |
Propoxyphene |
Plasma |
μg/mL |
2.946 |
μmol/L |
Propranolol |
Serum |
ng/mL |
3.856 |
nmol/L |
Prostate-specific antigen |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Protein (total) |
Serum |
g/dL |
10.0 |
g/L |
Prothrombin time (PT) |
Plasma |
s |
1.0 |
s |
Protoporphyrin |
Red blood cells |
μg/dL |
0.0178 |
μmol/L |
Protriptyline |
Serum, plasma |
μg/dL |
3.787 |
nmol/L |
Pyridoxine (see vitamin B6) |
||||
Pyruvate |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
113.56 |
μmol/L |
Quinidine |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3.082 |
μmol/L |
Red blood cell count |
Whole blood |
×106/μL |
1.0 |
×1012/L |
Renin |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.0237 |
pmol/L |
Reticulocyte count |
Whole blood |
×103/μL |
1.0 |
×109/L |
Reticulocyte count |
Whole blood |
% of red blood cells |
0.01 |
Proportion of red blood cells |
Retinol (see vitamin A) |
||||
Riboflavin (see vitamin B2) |
||||
Rifampin |
Serum |
mg/L |
1.215 |
μmol/L |
Salicylates |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
7.24 |
μmol/L |
Selenium |
Serum, plasma |
μg/L |
0.0127 |
μmol/L |
Serine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
95.156 |
μmol/L |
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) |
Whole blood |
ng/mL |
0.00568 |
μmol/L |
Sex hormone—binding globulin |
Serum |
μg/mL |
8.896 |
nmol/L |
Sodium |
Serum |
mEq/L |
1.0 |
mmol/L |
Somatomedin C (insulinlike growth factor) |
Serum |
ng/mL |
0.131 |
nmol/L |
Somatostatin |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.611 |
pmol/L |
Streptomycin |
Serum |
mg/L |
1.719 |
μmol/L |
Strychnine |
Whole blood |
mg/L |
2.99 |
μmol/L |
Substance P |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.742 |
pmol/L |
Sulfate |
Serum |
mg/L |
10.41 |
μmol/L |
Sulfmethemoglobin |
Whole blood |
% of total hemoglobin |
0.01 |
Proportion of total hemoglobin |
Taurine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
79.91 |
μmol/L |
Testosterone |
Serum |
ng/dL |
0.0347 |
nmol/L |
Tetrahydrocannabinol |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3.180 |
μmol/L |
Theophylline |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
5.55 |
μmol/L |
Thiamine (see vitamin B1) |
||||
Thiopental |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
4.144 |
μmol/L |
Thioridazine |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.699 |
μmol/L |
Threonine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
84 |
μmol/L |
Thrombin time |
Plasma |
s |
1.0 |
s |
Thrombocytes (see platelet count) |
||||
Thyroglobulin |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Thyrotropin |
Serum |
mIU/L |
1.0 |
mIU/L |
Thyroxine, free (FT4) |
Serum |
ng/dL |
12.87 |
pmol/L |
Thyroxine, total (T4) |
Serum |
μg/dL |
12.87 |
nmol/L |
Thyroxine-binding globulin |
Serum |
μg/mL |
17.094 |
nmol/L |
Tissue plasminogen activator |
Plasma |
IU/mL |
1000 |
IU/L |
Tobramycin |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
2.139 |
μmol/L |
Tocainide |
Serum |
μg/mL |
5.201 |
μmol/L |
α-Tocopherol (see vitamin E) |
||||
Tolbutamide |
Serum |
μg/mL |
3.70 |
μmol/L |
Transferrin |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.123 |
μmol/L |
Triglycerides |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.0113 |
mmol/L |
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3) |
Serum |
pg/dL |
0.0154 |
pmol/L |
Triiodothyronine, total (T3) |
Serum |
ng/dL |
0.0154 |
nmol/L |
Troponin I |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Troponin T |
Serum |
ng/mL |
1.0 |
μg/L |
Tryptophan |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
48.967 |
μmol/L |
Tyrosine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
55.19 |
μmol/L |
Urea nitrogen |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.357 |
mmol/L |
Uric acid |
Serum |
mg/dL |
0.0595 |
mmol/L |
Urobilinogen |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
1.7 |
μmol/d |
Valine |
Plasma |
mg/dL |
85.361 |
μmol/L |
Valproic acid |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
6.934 |
μmol/L |
Vancomycin |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
0.690 |
μmol/L |
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) |
Urine |
mg/24 h |
5.046 |
μmol/d |
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.296 |
pmol/L |
Vasopressin |
Plasma |
pg/mL |
0.923 |
pmol/L |
Verapamil |
Serum, plasma |
ng/mL |
2.20 |
nmol/L |
Vitamin A (retinol) |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.0349 |
μmol/L |
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) |
Serum |
μg/dL |
29.6 |
nmol/L |
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) |
Serum |
μg/dL |
26.6 |
nmol/L |
Vitamin B3 |
Whole blood |
μg/mL |
4.56 |
μmol/L |
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
4.046 |
nmol/L |
Vitamin B12 |
Serum |
pg/mL |
0.7378 |
pmol/L |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
Serum |
mg/dL |
56.78 |
μmol/L |
Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) |
Serum |
pg/mL |
2.4 |
pmol/L |
Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) |
Plasma |
ng/mL |
2.496 |
nmol/L |
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) |
Serum |
μg/mL |
2.322 |
μmol/L |
Vitamin K |
Serum |
ng/mL |
2.22 |
nmol/L |
Warfarin |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
3.247 |
μmol/L |
White blood cell count |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Differential count |
||||
Neutrophils—segmented |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Neutrophils—bands |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Lymphocytes |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Monocytes |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Eosinophils |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Basophils |
Whole blood |
/μL |
0.001 |
×109/L |
Differential count (number fraction) |
||||
Neutrophils—segmented |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Neutrophils—bands |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Lymphocytes |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Monocytes |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Eosinophils |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Basophils |
Whole blood |
% |
0.01 |
Proportion of 1.0 |
Zidovudine |
Serum, plasma |
μg/mL |
3.7 |
μmol/L |
Zinc |
Serum |
μg/dL |
0.153 |
μmol/L |
a The laboratory values are provided for illustration only and are not intended to be comprehensive or definitive. Each laboratory determines its own values. The information in this table is adapted from and based on the following sources: Kratz et al,6 Young and Huth,7 McPherson and Pincus,8 Goldman and Schaeffer,9 Longo et al,10 Lipoprotein a Foundation,11 and Laposata.12
b Most laboratories do not convert to molar units; conversion of Lp(a) is difficult unless the size (large or small) of an individual’s Lp(a) molecules is known.
c For dual reporting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as both a percentage of total hemoglobin and mmol HbA1c/mol Hb, see the NGSP website IFCC Standardization of HbA1c.13
For laboratory values reported in JAMA Network journals, factors for converting conventional units to SI units should be provided in the article. In text, the conversion factor should be given once, at first mention of the laboratory value, in parentheses following the conventional unit.
The blood glucose concentration of 126 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555) was used as a criterion for diagnosing diabetes.
For articles in which several laboratory values are reported in text, the conversion factors may be listed in a paragraph at the end of the Methods section but not in the abstract of the article. For figures or tables, the conversion factors should be included in legends or in footnotes, respectively, (see 4.1.3.10, Footnotes). For articles in which there is no Methods section, conversion factors can be given at first mention of the value, and reference ranges for the local laboratory can be included as well.
When the results were returned, serum ammonia levels were markedly elevated at 643 µg/dL (to convert to µmol/L, multiply by 0.714). A subsequent hepatic panel was notable for mildly elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (89 U/L; to convert to µkat/L, multiply by 0.0167) and γ-glutamyltransferase (81 U/L; to convert to µkat/L, multiply by 0.0167).
Hematologic values should be reported by means of conventional units.
The complete blood cell count showed a hemoglobin level of 13.4 g/dL, hematocrit of 41%, platelet count of 180 000/μL, and white blood cell count of 6500/μL.
Standardization is emerging for reporting hemoglobin A1c,13 and we recommend dual reporting, as shown in Table 17.5-3.
Table 17.5-3. Primary End Points
Primary end point |
CGM, mean (95% CI) |
Conventional therapy, mean (95% CI) |
Least square means or mean for difference: CGM−conventional treatment (95% CI) |
P value |
HbA1c, %a |
7.92 (7.79 to 8.05) |
8.35 (8.19 to 8.51) |
−0.43 (−0.57 to −0.29) |
<.001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol |
63 (61.6 to 64.5) |
68 (66.0 to 69.4) |
−4.7 (−6.27 to −3.13) |
Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.
SI conversion factor: To convert percentage of total hemoglobin to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a Values are reported as last observation carried forward with HbA1c measurement standardized by NGSP (http://www.ngsp.org/ifccngsp.asp).
For enzymatic activity, the international unit (IU) is used; 1 IU equals the amount of enzyme generating 1 μmol of product per minute.
The peak follicle-stimulating hormone level was 48 mIU/mL.
17.5.11 Radiation.
Measurements of ionizing radiation and radioactivity should be reported by means of SI units. The SI units for radiation are established by international agreement.2 The unit for activity of a radionuclide is the becquerel; the absorbed dose of radiation (absorbed per unit weight of tissue) is the gray (Gy); and the dose equivalent used to indicate the detrimental effects of an absorbed radiation dose on biological tissue is the sievert (Sv).
A 1-Gy dose is equivalent to 1 joule (J) of radiation energy absorbed per kilogram of organ or tissue weight. The rad is the older, non-SI unit and is still in use as a unit of absorbed dose (100 rad = 1 Gy). However, equal doses of all types of ionizing radiation are not equally harmful. Alpha particles produce greater harm than beta particles, γ rays, and x-rays for a given absorbed dose. To account for this difference, radiation dose is expressed as equivalent dose in sieverts (Sv).14
SI units for radiation and factors to convert values from SI units to conventional units are given in Table 17.5-4.
Table 17.5-4. Measurement Units for Radiation, With Conversion Factors
Quantity |
SI unit (symbol) |
Conversion factors |
Non-SI unit |
Radioactivity |
becquerel (Bq) |
1 Bq = 2.7 × 10−11 Ci (approx) 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq 1 Bq = 27 picocurie (pCi) |
curie (Ci) |
Absorbed dose |
gray (Gy) |
1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 0.01 Gya |
rad |
“Dose” equivalent |
sievert (Sv) |
1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = 0.01 Sv |
rem |
a Although 1 rad = 1 cGy, the prefix centi- is generally not preferred in SI. Therefore, despite the appeal of one-to-one conversion, rad should be converted to gray not centigray.
Although SI units are preferred, authors of some articles, such as those reporting studies that involve nuclear medicine or radiation oncology, may prefer to report results in both SI units and non-SI units. As with units for laboratory results, conversion factors to convert radiation from SI units to conventional units should be provided in the text, footnotes to tables or figures, and/or the Methods section of the article.
17.5.12 Currency.
Amounts of money are expressed as a decimal number or whole number preceded by the symbol for the unit of measure for the currency.
The cost-effectiveness analysis suggested a $7000 difference between the 2 treatment strategies.
Table 17.5-5 lists some international currencies and their symbols. Online currency converter programs are also available.15,16
Table 17.5-5. Selected International Currencies and Symbols
Country |
Currency |
Symbol or abbreviation |
Argentina |
Argentine peso |
$ |
Australia |
Australian dollar |
A$ |
Austria |
euro |
€ |
Bahamas |
Bahamian dollar |
B$ |
Belgium |
euro |
€ |
Bermuda |
Bermuda dollar |
Bd$ |
Bolivia |
boliviano |
$ |
Brazil |
Brazilian real |
R$ |
Canada |
Canadian dollar |
CAD$ |
Chile |
Chilean peso |
Ch$ |
China |
yuan renminbi |
¥ |
Colombia |
Colombian peso |
Col$ |
Cuba |
Cuban peso |
$ |
Czech Republic |
Czech koruna |
Kč |
Denmark |
Danish krone |
kr |
Dominican Republic |
Dominican peso |
RD$ |
Egypt |
Egyptian pound |
£ |
Ethiopia |
Ethiopian birr |
ብር |
European Union |
euro |
€ |
Finland |
euro |
€ |
France |
euro |
€ |
Germany |
euro |
€ |
Ghana |
Ghana cedi |
GH¢ |
Greece |
euro |
€ |
Hong Kong |
Hong Kong dollar |
HK$ |
Hungary |
forint |
ft |
India |
rupee |
₹ |
Iran |
rial |
IRR |
Iraq |
new Iraqi dinar |
IQD |
Ireland |
euro |
€ |
Israel |
Israeli new sheqel |
₪ |
Italy |
euro |
€ |
Japan |
yen |
¥ |
Jordan |
Jordanian dinars |
JD |
Lebanon |
Lebanese pound |
LBP |
Luxembourg |
euro |
€ |
Malawi |
kwacha |
MK |
Mexico |
Mexican peso |
Mex$ |
The Netherlands |
euro |
€ |
New Zealand |
New Zealand dollar |
NZ$ |
Nigeria |
naira |
₦ |
Norway |
Norwegian krone |
kr |
Pakistan |
rupee |
Rs |
Peru |
nuevos soles |
S/ |
Poland |
zloty |
Zl |
Portugal |
euro |
€ |
Russia |
ruble |
R |
Saudi Arabia |
Saudi riyal |
SR |
Singapore |
Singapore dollar |
SGD |
South Africa |
rand |
R |
South Korea |
won |
₩ |
Spain |
euro |
€ |
Sweden |
Swedish krona |
Sk |
Switzerland |
Swiss franc |
CHF |
Taiwan |
Taiwanese new dollar |
NT$ |
Thailand |
baht |
฿ |
Turkey |
Turkish new lira |
T£ |
Uganda |
shilling |
USh |
Ukraine |
hryvnia |
₴ |
United Kingdom |
pound sterling |
£ |
United States of America |
US dollar |
$ |
Vietnam |
dong |
₫ |
Zambia |
kwacha |
ZK |
Zimbabwe |
dollar |
$ |
For amounts reported in non-US currency, the current exchange rate should be used to calculate the amount in US dollars, and that amount should be shown in parentheses.
The baseline amount for the cost-benefit analysis was estimated from the procedure cost of CAD $3000 (US $2800).
The projected cost of the new research laboratory was €25 million (US $47.7 million).
The following example shows how the currency appears as a unit of measure in a table stub.
Household income, CAD$
Principal Authors: Lauren Fischer and Paul Frank
Acknowledgment
James C. Boyd, MD, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, provided careful review of the SI conversion factors table. Hope J. Lafferty, AM, ELS, Hope J. Lafferty Communications, Marfa, Texas; Trevor Lane, MA, DPhil, Edanz Group, Fukuoka, Japan; Rochelle Lodder, formerly of JAMA Network; and Peter J. Olson, ELS, Sheridan Services, Waterbury, Vermont, provided input on an earlier version of the chapter.
References
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14.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. What is ionizing radiation? Accessed September 23, 2015. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/ionizing.html
15.ISO 4217 Currency codes. International Organization for Standardization; 2017. Accessed July 5, 2019. https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html
16.Oanda.com Currency Converter. Accessed September 23, 2015. https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter