Main questions when learning English - Sykalo Eugen 2023

What is the difference between “who” and “whom” in English?

Title: Unveiling the Distinction Between “Who” and “Whom” in English: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract:
The English language boasts a rich array of linguistic nuances, and the distinction between “who” and “whom” is one such intriguing aspect. This scientific article delves into the intricacies of these pronouns, exploring their grammatical functions, syntactic positions, and usage rules. By elucidating the difference between “who” and “whom,” language learners can navigate the complexities of English grammar with precision and clarity. Understanding the subtle contrasts between these pronouns contributes to effective communication and fosters linguistic competence in English discourse.

1. Introduction
The proper use of pronouns is crucial for precise and coherent communication in the English language. “Who” and “whom” are two pronouns that often perplex language learners due to their similar appearance but distinct grammatical functions. This scientific article aims to unravel the differences between “who” and “whom” by examining their syntactic roles, usage rules, and communicative contexts. By comprehending the nuances of these pronouns, learners can enhance their mastery of English grammar and optimize their language skills.

2. Grammatical Functions and Syntactic Positions
a) “Who”:
- Subjective Case: “Who” is used as the subject of a sentence or clause.
Example: “Who is coming to the party?”
- Predicate Nominative: “Who” follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.
Example: “She is the one who won the competition.”

b) “Whom”:
- Objective Case: “Whom” is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Example: “To whom should I address this letter?”
- Relative Pronoun: “Whom” introduces a subordinate clause and functions as the object within that clause.
Example: “I found the person whom you were talking about.”

3. Usage Rules and Contextual Considerations
a) Subject vs. Object:
- “Who” is used when referring to the subject of a sentence or clause.
- “Whom” is used when referring to the object of a verb or preposition.

b) Verb or Preposition:
- If the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition, “whom” is used.
Example: “With whom are you going to the concert?”

c) Sentence Structure:
- In a question, the choice between “who” and “whom” depends on the grammatical function of the pronoun within the sentence, just like in declarative sentences.
Example: “Who(m) did you see at the park?” (“Did you see” requires an object, making “whom” grammatically correct.)

d) Formal and Informal Contexts:
- In formal writing or highly structured contexts, adhering to traditional grammatical rules may require the use of “whom” in specific instances. However, in everyday conversation or less formal contexts, the distinction between “who” and “whom” may be less stringent.

4. Cultural and Historical Perspective
The usage of “who” and “whom” has evolved over time, and contemporary English speakers often employ “who” in positions where “whom” was traditionally expected. This shift reflects the natural evolution of language and the growing tendency to simplify grammar rules in favor of clearer and more accessible communication.

5. Conclusion
The distinction between “who” and “whom” is a captivating aspect of English grammar, reflecting the complexity and beauty of the language. By understanding their grammatical functions, syntactic positions, and usage rules, language learners can confidently navigate the terrain of pronouns and optimize their communication skills. While

adhering to traditional rules can enhance clarity and precision, it is essential to consider the context and communicative goals in selecting between “who” and “whom.” As language continues to evolve, the usage of these pronouns may undergo further transformations, highlighting the dynamic nature of English grammar.