Student's guide to writing college papers, Fourth edition - Kate L. Turabian 2010

Bibliography
Chicago style
Citing sources

If you have notes to more than four or five sources, you must list each source at the end of your paper in a section called a bibliography. You should also list other works you read but did not cite, if they influenced your thinking: a reader might think you're guilty of plagiarism if you seem to reflect the ideas of a text that you do not include in your bibliography (see chapter 10). Normally you should not include sources you consulted but did not use in any way, but your teacher might ask you to include them in order to see the scope of your research.

Start your list of sources on a new page. Center the heading “Bibliography” at the top of the first page. List the entries in alphabetical order, double-spaced, with a hanging indent. Alphabetize the sources according to the last name of the author or editor. Strictly follow the order of the letters, and ignore apostrophes and hyphens. Do not change the order for names that include abbreviations or internal capitals (such as McArthur or St. Helena):

Macally, Mack, Madden, McArthur, Mecks . . .

Saint-Beuve, Schwab, Selleck, Skillen, St. Helena, Stricker . . .

If you have to list more than one source by the same author, order those sources alphabetically by their titles. If a source does not have an author or editor, the first element in the bibliography entry will be the title, so use that to place the entry alphabetically among the authors' names.

See the sample bibliography in Chicago style on pages 181—82.

18.2.1 Elements Common to All Bibliography Entries

When you create a bibliography entry, you have to pay attention to the kind of source you are citing, because many elements are different for different kinds of sources. But most bibliography entries consist of three basic elements—author's name, title of the work, and publication facts.

18.2.1.1 Author's Name

Whenever possible, begin each bibliography entry with the name of the author(s). Spell out the full name of the author exactly as it is shown in the source: use initials only if that's how the name appears. Do not include titles such as Sir, Saint, Sister, Reverend, Doctor, and so on. However, list the author's name in inverted order: last name—comma—first name—middle name (if any). (Note: Authors are listed differently in notes; see 18.1.2.1.)

Single Author

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma . . .

Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and . . .

Multiple Authors

List all authors in the order they appear on the title page. List the first author with the last name first and a comma after the last and first name. List all other authors in regular order (first-middle-last). Put a comma after the name of the first author (even if there are only two); put and before and a period after the last author; and put a comma after all authors between the first and the last.

Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics . ..

Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu. Meteors and Mudslides . . .

If there is no author listed, begin the entry with the title of the work.

Multiple Works by One Author

If you cite multiple works by the same author or group of authors, you will have several entries that begin the same. For all entries after the first, replace the name(s) with three long dashes (em dashes). If the work is edited or translated, add the corresponding designation after the three em dashes and a comma. Note that the “ed.” or “trans.” is ignored in alphabetizing.

NOT

Schank, Roger C. Dynamic Memory . . .

Schank, Roger C., ed. Inside Multi-Media . . .

Schank, Roger C. Reading and . . .

Schank, Roger C. Tell Me a Story . . .

BUT

Schank, Roger C. Dynamic Memory . . .

———, ed. Inside Multi-Media . . .

———. Reading and . . .

———. Tell Me a Story . . .

18.2.1.2 Title

Give the title exactly as it is shown in the source, including a subtitle if there is one. For articles and other short works, you will need both the article title and the title of the book, journal, or other work in which it occurs. If an online source does not have an obvious title, use the name of the site or any other reasonable replacement.

Capitalize titles headline style: capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all other words except articles (a, an, the), coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), prepositions (of, in, at, above, under, and so forth), and the words to and as. If a title includes a subtitle, put a colon between the main title and the subtitle. With few exceptions, titles are set off in quotations marks or italics.

QUOTATION MARKS: ARTICLES, CHAPTERS, AND OTHER SHORT WORKS. Put the titles of short works that are part of longer ones in regular type,en-closed in quotation marks.

Hitchcock, Tim. “Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London.” . . .

ITALICS: BOOKS, JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, AND BLOGS. Put the titles of longer works in italics. If the title includes a title within it, put it in quotation marks and italics.

Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. . . .

Hitchcock, Tim. “Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London.” Journal of British Studies . . .

Sitter, John E. The Poetry of Pope's “Dunciad.” . . .

18.2.1.3 Publication Facts

In addition to author's name and title, a bibliographic citation usually includes facts that identify where and when a source was published. Publication facts vary from one kind of source to another, so check each model carefully.

For online sources, you must also include the date you accessed the source and a complete online address or URL (uniform resource locator). In most cases, you should include the URL exactly as it appears in your browser bar, even if it is very long.

Florida Naturalists (website). Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed May 1, 2009, http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/naturalists/.

Most word processors will not break URLs if they spill over a line, but you can force a line break after a slash (/). If that still leaves a mostly empty line, you can force a break before a period, equal sign, or other punctuation.

18.2.2 Bibliography Entries for Periodical Articles

Most of the articles you will consult will be found in periodicals—journals, magazines, newspapers, and other works published at periodic intervals in print form, online, or both.

✵ Journals are scholarly or professional periodicals written for experts and available primarily in academic libraries. Journals often include the word journal in their titles ( Journal of Modern History), but not always (Postmodern Culture).

✵ Magazines are not scholarly publications; they are designed for more general readers in both their content and their availability outside of academic settings. If you are unsure whether a periodical is a journal or a magazine, see whether its articles include citations; if so, treat it as a journal.

✵ Newspapers are generally daily or weekly publications whose articles are closely tied to recent events.

The Basic Pattern

Print Journal

If a journal lists both a volume and issue number, include both; list the date as it is printed on the journal (year, month + year, or season + year).

Gold, Ann Grodzins. “Grains of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales.” History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 150—171.

Cullity, Garrett. “Decisions, Reasons, and Rationality.” Ethics 119 (October 2008): 57—95.

Brown, Joshua. “Historians and Photography.” American Art 21, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 9—13.

Online Journal

Bibliography entries for online journal articles are similar to those for print articles, except that online articles may not have identifiable page numbers.

Adelman, Jeremy. “An Age of Imperial Revolutions.” American Historical Review 113, no. 2 (April 2008). Accessed September 15, 2008, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/ahr.113.2.319.

Bass, Alan. “The Mystery of Sex and the Mystery of Time: An Integration of Some Psychoanalytic and Philosophical Perspectives.” Postmodern Culture 18, no. 1 (2007). Accessed January 7, 2008, http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/postmodern_culture/v0x/x.1.bass.html.

If an online article lists what it calls a “stable URL” or “permanent URL,” use that instead of the URL in your browser bar.

Whitney, Frank P. “The Six-Year High School in Cleveland.” School Review 37, no. 4 (1929): 267—271. Accessed January 31, 2009, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1078814.

Print Magazine

Magazine articles often jump across many pages with unrelated material, so do not include page numbers.

Langewiesche, William. “Rules of Engagement.” Vanity Fair, November 2006.

If the article is part of a “department” (a recurring section with the same title in each issue), add the department name in regular type without quotation marks between the article and magazine titles.

Hertzberg, Hendrik.“Follow the Leaders.” Talk of the Town. New Yorker, December 10, 2007.

Online Magazine

Theil, Stefan. “In California, Green Means Growth.” Newsweek, March 2, 2009. Accessed April 24, 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/185792.

Goldstein, Nancy. “The Economy Is a Feminist Issue.” Salon.com, February 20, 2009. Accessed February 26, 2009, http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/02/20/women_economy/index.html.

Print Newspaper

Guernsey, Lisa. “Rewards for Students under a Microscope.” New York Times, March 3, 2009.

Online Newspaper

Guernsey, Lisa. “Rewards for Students under a Microscope.” New York Times, March 3, 2009. Accessed March 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/health/03rewa.html.

18.2.3 Bibliography Entries for Reference Works

Bibliography entries for general reference works such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, the Oxford English Dictionary, and the Dictionary of American Biography should cite the work as a whole, not specific entries as in notes. List the title of the work, the edition number (if any), and for online works the URL for the home page. Do not include an access date.

Print Encyclopedia

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.

OnlineEncyclopedia

Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page.

Print Dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.

Online Dictionary

Merriam-Webster OnLine. http://www.merriam-webster.com.

18.2.4 Bibliography Entries for Websites and Blogs

Bibliography entries should cite websites and blogs as a whole, not specific web pages or blog entries/comments as in notes.

Website

Websites are unpredictable, so you may have to improvise, but as much as possible include the same kind of information you need for other online publications:

✵ author, if any

✵ website title, if any (in italics)

✵ sponsoring organization, if any (in regular type)

✵ URL of home page

City of Los Angeles (website). http://www.lacity.org.

Florida Naturalists (website). Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/naturalists/.

Blog

Blog entries have relatively predictable bibliographical information:

✵ author

✵ title of blog (in italics)

✵ URL of home page

Ellis, Rhian, J. Robert Lennon, and Ed Skoog. Ward Six (blog). http://wardsix.blogspot.com/.

18.2.5 Bibliography Entries for Books

The Basic Pattern

18.2.5.1 Whole Books

Print Book

Minow, Newton N., and Craig L. LaMay. Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past and Promising Future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

If the book is produced by an organization rather than a person, list the organization as the author:

World Health Organization. Health and Economic Development in South-Eastern Europe. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.

Book in Electronic Reader Format

Use the publication date of the e-book edition; identify the e-book format.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.

Online Book

Use the URL for the main page (if there is more than one), and do not include the access date.

Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. New York: self-published, 1855. http://www.whitmanarchive.org/published/LG/1855/whole.html.

Edited or Translated Book

If a book has an editor or translator instead of an author, put the name of the editor or translator in place of the author's, followed by the abbreviation “ed.” or “trans.”

Young, Glenn, ed. The Best American Short Plays, 2002—2003. New York: Applause, 2007.

Silverstein, Theodore, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

If a book has an author as well as an editor or a translator, identify the editor or translator between the title and the publication facts. Do not abbreviate the words “Edited by” or “Translated by.”

Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Feydeau, Georges. Four Farces by Georges Feydeau. Translated by Norman R. Shapiro. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Revised Edition

If you consult a book labeled as a “revised” edition or a “2nd” (or subsequent) edition, place this information between the title and the publication facts, using abbreviations as in the following examples.

Harper-Dorton, Karen V., and Martin Herbert. Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families. 3rd ed. Chicago: Lyceum Books, 2002.

Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru. Rev. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

Multivolume Work

If you cite one book from a group of books in a multivolume work, list only the specific volume you consulted. Identify the volume number (“Vol. X”).

Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. The Lisle Letters. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

If you consulted more than one volume in a group, list the whole group in a single entry. State the number of volumes after the title (“X vols.”).

Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. The Lisle Letters. 6 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. 5 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971—1989.

If you cite a single volume with a distinct title, use both titles, starting with the title of the single volume.

Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). Vol. 5 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

18.2.5.2 Parts of Books

Chapter in an Edited Book

Cite the specific chapter, not the whole book, if you refer only to that one chapter in your notes. You may cite two specific chapters separately, if you specifically compare them in your text. Otherwise, cite the edited book as a whole.

Ellet, Elizabeth F. L. “By Rail and Stage to Galena.” In Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673—1967, by Travelers and Other Observers, edited by Paul M. Angle, 271—279. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Introduction, Preface, or Afterword

If you have a note to a supplemental part of a book that was written by someone other than the book author, cite it separately. Put a generic title such as “introduction” in regular type, without quotation marks.

Prose, Francine. Introduction to Word Court: Wherein Verbal Virtue Is Rewarded, Crimes against the Language Are Punished, and Poetic Justice Is Done, by Barbara Wallraff, ix—xiv. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

Short Story or Poem in a Collection

Cite the specific work, not the whole book, if you refer only to that one work in your notes. You may cite two or more specific works separately, if you specifically compare them in your text. Otherwise, cite the collection as a whole.

Eisenberg, Deborah. “Someone to Talk to.” In All around Atlantis, 61—92. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.

Heaney, Seamus. “To George Seferis in the Underworld.” In District and Circle, 22—23. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

Wigglesworth, Michael. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. In The New Anthology of American Poetry: Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod, Camille Roman, and Thomas Travisano, 68—74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.

Sample

Bibliography

Adelman, Jeremy. “An Age of Imperial Revolutions.” American Historical Review 113, no. 2 (April 2008). Accessed September 15, 2008, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/ahr.113.2.319.

Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Market-women in Peru. Rev. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.

Gold, Ann Grodzins. “Grains of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales.” History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 150—171.

Goldstein, Nancy. “The Economy Is a Feminist Issue.” Salon.com, February 20, 2009. Accessed February 26, 2009, http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/02/20/women_economy/index.html.

Harper-Dorton, Karen V., and Martin Herbert. Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families. 3rd ed. Chicago: Lyceum Books, 2002. Langewiesche, William. “Rules of Engagement.” Vanity Fair, November 2006. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. World Health Organization. Health and Economic Development in South-

Eastern Europe. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.